PART OF WRITTEN EXAMINATION:
One method to reduce IR drops through the electrolyte
A) monthly checkups
B) place a reference electrode near the structure
C) galanavic anodes
D) change different types of reference electrodes frequently

The number of electrons transferred in the balanced reaction NiSO₄(aq) + 2Cr(s) → Ni(s) + Cr₂(SO₄)₃(aq) + 3e⁻ are 3.

To balance the given redox reaction, we need to first identify the oxidation states of the elements in the reactants and products. In NiSO₄, the oxidation state of Ni is +2, while in Ni(s) it is 0. In Cr(s), the oxidation state of Cr is 0, while in Cr₂(SO₄)₃, it is +3.

We can balance the equation by adding electrons (e-) to one of the species. The oxidation half-reaction is,

Cr → Cr³⁺ + 3e⁻

The reduction half-reaction is,

Ni²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ni

By multiplying the oxidation half-reaction by 2 and adding it to the reduction half-reaction, we get the balanced equation:

NiSO₄(aq) + 2Cr(s) → Ni(s) + Cr₂(SO₄)₃(aq) + 3e⁻

In this balanced equation, 3 moles of electrons are transferred.

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Complete question - Consider the following unbalanced redox reaction,

NiSO₄(aq) + Cr(s) → Ni(s) + Cr₂(SO₄)₃(aq) how many moles of electrons are transferred in the balanced reaction?

The average value of [Ca2+] and use to the Ksp of Ca(OH)2 is  1.14 x [tex]10^{-5}[/tex].

The dissolution reaction of calcium hydroxide in water can be represented as:

Ca(OH)2 (s) ⇌ Ca2+ (aq) + 2 OH- (aq)

The ICE table for the dissolution reaction is as follows:

Initial: Ca(OH)2 (s) -- --

Change: - +x +2x

Equilibrium: Ca(OH)2 (s) x 2x

Using the titration data, we can calculate the moles of H+ added to the solution:

Trial 1: 0.0109 L x 0.1045 M = 0.00114 moles H+

Trial 2: 0.01064 L x 0.1045 M = 0.00111 moles H+

Trial 1: [OH-] = 0.00114 moles / (0.025 L x 2) = 0.0228 M

Trial 2: [OH-] = 0.00111 moles / (0.025 L x 2) = 0.0222 M

Using the ICE table, we can calculate the concentration of Ca2+:

Trial 1: [Ca2+] = 2x = 2(0.0228 M) = 0.0456 M

Trial 2: [Ca2+] = 2x = 2(0.0222 M) = 0.0444 M

Finally, we can calculate the average value of [Ca2+] and use it to calculate the Ksp of Ca(OH)2:

[Ca2+]avg = (0.0456 M + 0.0444 M) / 2 = 0.0450 M

Ksp = [Ca2+][OH-]² = (0.0450 M)(0.0225 M)² = 1.14 x [tex]10^{-5}[/tex]

Ksp, or the solubility product constant, is a term used in chemistry to describe the equilibrium constant of a sparingly soluble salt in a solvent. When salt is added to a solvent, it may not completely dissolve due to its limited solubility. At this point, the salt particles in the solution start to interact with the solvent molecules, forming a saturated solution.

The Ksp is a measure of the concentration of ions in the saturated solution, which is in equilibrium with the undissolved salt. It is calculated by multiplying the concentrations of the dissociated ions raised by their stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced chemical equation for the dissolution reaction. Ksp values are unique to each sparingly soluble salt and depend on factors such as temperature, pressure, and the solvent used.

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The pressure exerted by a gas on its container is directly proportional to the volume of the container. This relationship is known as Boyle's Law, named after the physicist Robert Boyle who first discovered it in the 17th century. Boyle's Law states that when the temperature of a gas remains constant, the pressure and volume of the gas are inversely proportional to each other. In other words, as the volume of the container decreases, the pressure of the gas increases, and vice versa.

This relationship can be explained by the behavior of gas molecules. When a gas is contained in a container, its molecules are constantly colliding with the walls of the container. The more molecules there are, the more collisions there will be, and the greater the pressure will be. However, if the volume of the container is decreased, there will be less space for the molecules to move around in, so they will collide more frequently with the walls of the container, resulting in a higher pressure.
In contrast, the mass of the individual gas molecules, the centigrade temperature of the gas, and the fahrenheit temperature of the gas do not have a direct effect on the pressure exerted by the gas on its container. These factors may affect other properties of the gas, such as its density or its behavior under different conditions, but they are not directly related to Boyle's Law. Similarly, the number of molecules of gas in the sample may affect the pressure of the gas, but only insofar as it affects the volume of the container, which is the primary determinant of pressure in Boyle's Law.

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Neil Armstrong earned a Master of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Southern California in 1970.

He pursued this degree while working as a NASA astronaut His thesis was focused on the stability of a lunar landing vehicle during the final phase of descent.

In 1962, Armstrong joined NASA as a civilian test pilot and astronaut. He soon became part of the Gemini and Apollo space programs. During his tenure at NASA, he piloted the Gemini 8 mission in 1966. He also commanded the Apollo 11 mission in 1969, where he became the first person to set foot on the Moon.

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In a many-electron atom, only the electrons at the outermost energy level will participate in covalent bonding.

The valence shell is the outermost energy level of an atom. It contains the electrons that are most likely to be involved in chemical interactions, such as covalent bonding. Covalent bonding occurs when two atoms share one or more electrons in order to achieve a more stable electron configuration. The electrons in the valence shell of each atom are the ones that are shared in this process. Therefore, only the electrons in the valence shell of a many-electron atom will participate in covalent bonding.

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Ionic bonds lead to the formation of crystal lattices, rather than separate, discrete molecules.

Positively charged cations and negatively charged anions are produced when electrons are transported from one atom to another in an ionic bond.

Then, these ions arrange themselves into a three-dimensional array to reduce the system's potential energy. A repeating unit cell can serve as a representation of the final structure, a crystal lattice.

Instead of distinct, discrete molecules, crystal lattices are formed as a result of ionic bonding.

Strong electrostatic interactions between the ions with opposing charges hold the lattice together. Ionic chemicals do not exist as isolated molecules since the lattice permeates the entire crystal.

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Answer:

D) Oxygen Gas

Explanation:

Early Earth's atmosphere lacked oxygen gas due to the lack of general vegetation on Earth (plants produce O2 gas as a byproduct of photosynthesis) and the large presence of volcanic gases, which are mostly made up of CO2.

Using crystal field theory, the number of unpaired electrons in [Mn(NH₃)₆]²⁺ is three.

Using crystal field theory, we can determine the number of unpaired electrons in the complex ion [Mn(NH₃)₆]²⁺+ as follows:

The complex ion consists of a central Mn²⁺ ion, which is surrounded by six NH₃ ligands. Mn²⁺ has an electron configuration of [Ar] 3d⁵, meaning it has five electrons in its d orbitals. The NH₃ ligands are considered weak field ligands, meaning they cause a small energy difference between the d orbitals.

In weak field complexes, the electrons preferentially occupy the lower energy orbitals in a way that maximizes the number of unpaired electrons (Hund's rule). In an octahedral complex, such as [Mn(NH₃)₆]²⁺, the d orbitals are split into two groups: the t²g orbitals (dxy, dxz, dyz) and the eg orbitals (dz², dx²-y²). The t²g orbitals are lower in energy than the eg orbitals.

As there are five d electrons in Mn²⁺, they will first fill the t²g orbitals, with one electron each (following Hund's rule). This results in three unpaired electrons in the [Mn(NH₃)₆]²⁺ complex ion.

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a) The frequency of ultraviolet light is 8.54 * 10^{15} Hz

b) The wavelength of ultraviolet light is 35 nm

To solve for the frequency of ultraviolet light, we can use the equation E = hf, where E is the energy of the photon, h is Planck's constant, and f is the frequency of the photon. Rearranging the equation, we get f = E/h. Plugging in the given values, we get

f = \frac{(5.6610-18 J)}{(6.62607015 * 10^{-34} J s)

f = 8.54 * 10^{15} Hz.
To solve for the wavelength of ultraviolet light, we can use the equation c = λf, where c is the speed of light, λ is the wavelength, and f is the frequency. Rearranging the equation, we get λ = \frac{c}{f}. Plugging in the given values and the speed of light (299,792,458 m/s), we get

λ = \frac{(299,792,458 m/s)}{(8.54 * 10^{15} Hz)

λ= 35 nm (nanometers).
In summary, the frequency of ultraviolet light with a photon energy of 5.6610-18 J is 8.54 * 1015 Hz, and the corresponding wavelength is 35 nm. Ultraviolet light has a shorter wavelength and higher frequency than visible light, making it more energetic and potentially harmful to living organisms.

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The mass of 3.15 mol of AgNO₃ is 533.6 grams, the mass of 0.0901 mol of CaCl₂ is 10.02 grams, and the mass of 11.86 mol of H₂S is 404.5 grams.

To calculate the mass in grams of each of the given substances, we need to use the molar mass of each compound. The molar mass of AgNO₃ (silver nitrate) is 169.87 g/mol, the molar mass of CaCl₂ (calcium chloride) is 110.98 g/mol, and the molar mass of H₂S (hydrogen sulfide) is 34.08 g/mol.

To calculate the mass of 3.15 mol of AgNO₃, we can use the following formula:

mass = moles x molar mass
mass = 3.15 mol x 169.87 g/mol
mass = 533.6 g

Therefore, the mass of 3.15 mol of AgNO₃ is 533.6 grams.

Similarly, to calculate the mass of 0.0901 mol of CaCl₂, we can use the formula:

mass = moles x molar mass
mass = 0.0901 mol x 110.98 g/mol
mass = 10.02 g

Therefore, the mass of 0.0901 mol of CaCl₂ is 10.02 grams.

Finally, to calculate the mass of 11.86 mol of H₂S, we can use the formula:

mass = moles x molar mass
mass = 11.86 mol x 34.08 g/mol
mass = 404.5 g

Therefore, the mass of 11.86 mol of H₂S is 404.5 grams.

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The pH of the solution before the addition of any strong acid is 12 and the primary species left in the solution are mixture of the weak base and conjugate acid.

a) Before any strong acid has been added, the solution contains only the weak base B. To find the pH of the solution, we can use the expression for the base dissociation constant:

Kb = [BH⁺][OH⁻]/[B]

At equilibrium, we can assume that [OH⁻] ≈ [BH⁺], since the base is weak and only partially dissociates. Therefore:

Kb = [OH⁻]²/[B]

[OH⁻]² = Kb[B]

[OH⁻] = √(Kb[B]) = √(7.5×10⁻⁶ mol/L × 0.318 L) ≈ 5.4×10⁻³ mol/L

Since Kw = [H⁺][OH⁻], we can find the [H⁺] concentration:

Kw = [H⁺][OH⁻]

[H⁺] = Kw/[OH⁻]

= 1.0×10⁻¹⁴ mol²/L² ÷ 5.4×10⁻³ mol/L

≈ 1.9×10⁻¹² mol/L

The pH of the solution is then:

pH = -log[H⁺] ≈ 12

The pH of the solution is therefore roughly 12 prior to the addition of any strong acids.

b) After adding 30.0 mL of HNO₃, we have added:

n(HNO₃) = C(V) = 0.340 mol/L × 0.0300 L = 0.0102 mol

Since the base is weak, we can assume that all of the added HNO₃ reacts with the base, and that the solution is still basic. The base will be partially neutralized to form the conjugate acid BH⁺, which is also weak. The primary species left in the solution will be a mixture of the weak base B, its conjugate acid BH⁺, and any excess HNO₃ that has not reacted with the base.

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Molecules are two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Therefore the correct option is option A.

A molecule is created when two or more atoms bind to one another. It doesn't matter whether the atoms are from the same element (like O2) or from different elements (like H2O, which has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Covalent, ionic, or metallic chemical bonds can hold the atoms of a molecule together.

The smallest units of a compound that still have their chemical properties are called molecules. Chemical processes can separate them into individual atoms, but physical processes like heating or freezing cannot. Therefore the correct option is option A.

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An effective safety measure when running a new reaction is to start by b. Run the reaction on a small scale.

By conducting the experiment with smaller quantities of reactants, you can minimize potential hazards and more easily monitor the reaction. This allows you to observe any unexpected outcomes or side reactions that may occur.
Keeping the temperature low is another important safety measure. High temperatures can lead to increased reaction rates and the formation of more side products, making the reaction difficult to control. By maintaining a lower temperature, you can better manage the reaction and ensure a safer process.
Running the reaction for a short time is also a useful strategy. By limiting the reaction time, you can quickly identify any issues that may arise, such as excessive heat generation or unexpected byproducts. This enables you to address these issues promptly before they escalate.
While avoiding catalysts may seem like a safe choice, it is essential to understand that catalysts can improve the reaction's efficiency and selectivity. When used correctly, catalysts can make a reaction safer and more controlled. It is crucial to choose an appropriate catalyst and use it in the correct proportions to ensure a safe reaction.
In summary, when running a new reaction, it is essential to implement safety measures such as running the reaction on a small scale, maintaining a low temperature, and limiting the reaction time. Additionally, the proper use of catalysts can enhance reaction safety and control.

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The correct option is J, They are gaseous at room temperature and chemically stable" which correctly describes the properties of the elements in Group 18.

Room temperature is typically defined as the temperature range at which a substance or reaction is carried out under normal laboratory conditions, without the need for specialized equipment or procedures to control the temperature. Room temperature is usually considered to be around 20-25 degrees Celsius (68-77 degrees Fahrenheit), although this can vary slightly depending on the specific laboratory or experiment.

At room temperature, most common substances are in a stable, solid or liquid state, and many chemical reactions can take place at a reasonable rate without the need for additional heating or cooling. However, it is important to note that certain reactions or materials may require more precise temperature control in order to ensure accurate results or prevent safety hazards.

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Answer:

NUCLEAR FISSION

Explanation:

According to Einstein's equation, E = mc2, where

m

is the mass and

c

is the speed of light states that mass can be converted to energy and vice-versa. In nuclear fission, the mass of reactants is more than mass of the products. The difference in mass is called the mass defect. This mass is converted into energy

NH3 is commonly known as ammonia and H2O is commonly known as water. Molecular compounds are formed by the combination of two or more non-metal elements.

These compounds are also known as covalent compounds as they are held together by covalent bonds. Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms. Molecular compounds are characterized by their low melting and boiling points and are generally poor conductors of electricity.
NH3, which is ammonia, is a colourless gas with a pungent odour. It is used in the production of fertilizers, cleaning agents, and as a refrigerant. NH3 is composed of one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms. It is a basic compound and reacts with acids to form ammonium salts.
H2O, which is water, is a colourless, odourless, and tasteless liquid. It is essential for all forms of life on Earth and is the most common substance on Earth's surface. Water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. It is a polar compound, which means it has a positive and negative end. Water is a versatile solvent and is capable of dissolving many substances.
In conclusion, NH3 is commonly known as ammonia and H2O is commonly known as water. These molecular compounds have unique properties and are essential to life on Earth.

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To create a concise informative plot for each of the terms listed, the following items are required: 1. Reaction, Chemicals or System Being Investigated:
Title: Give a descriptive title that clearly indicates the nature of the investigation.
Axes: Label the x-axis and y-axis with the appropriate variables that are being measured.
Data: Plot the data points on the graph.
Table with Headers Containing Units: Create a table that displays the data collected during the experiment, with headers containing units.
Name or Symbol of the Variable: Clearly identify the variables being measured, either by their name or symbol.

2. Special Conditions of the Experiment:
Title: Include the special conditions being tested in the title.
Axes: Label the x-axis and y-axis with the appropriate variables that are being measured.
Data: Plot the data points on the graph.
Table with Headers Containing Units: Create a table that displays the data collected during the experiment, with headers containing units.
Name or Symbol of the Variable: Clearly identify the variables being measured, either by their name or symbol.

3. Best Fit Line or Curve with an Equation:
Title: Give a descriptive title that clearly indicates the nature of the investigation.
Axes: Label the x-axis and y-axis with the appropriate variables that are being measured.
Data: Plot the data points on the graph.
Best Fit Line or Curve with an Equation: Draw the best fit line or curve through the data points and display the equation on the graph.
Units (if any): Include units on the axes and in the equation.
Name or Symbol of the Variable: Clearly identify the variables being measured, either by their name or symbol.

4. Units (if any):
Title: Give a descriptive title that clearly indicates the nature of the investigation.
Axes: Label the x-axis and y-axis with the appropriate variables that are being measured, including their units.
Data: Plot the data points on the graph.
Table with Headers Containing Units: Create a table that displays the data collected during the experiment, with headers containing units.
Name or Symbol of the Variable: Clearly identify the variables being measured, either by their name or symbol.

5. Table with Headers Containing Units:
Title: Give a descriptive title that clearly indicates the nature of the investigation.
Axes: Label the x-axis and y-axis with the appropriate variables that are being measured.
Table with Headers Containing Units: Create a table that displays the data collected during the experiment, with headers containing units.
Name or Symbol of the Variable: Clearly identify the variables being measured, either by their name or symbol.

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Answer: CH4

Explanation: Methane

27 moles of reactants chemically change into 34 moles of products. Option A

One or more chemicals, referred to as reactants, are transformed into one or more new substances, referred to as products, during a chemical reaction. Chemical bonds between atoms, ions, or molecules are broken and created during chemical reactions.

When  we look at the reaction, we can see that the statement that is true about the total number of reactants and the total number of products in the reaction 27 moles of reactants chemically change into 34 moles of products.

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The correct choice is: The CaCO3 will not dissolve in water, but the KBr will dissolve. There is no change upon mixing the two flasks.

This is because calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is insoluble in water, while potassium bromide (KBr) is soluble in water. When water is added to the flask containing CaCO3, it will not dissolve, and the same will happen when water is added to the flask containing KBr. When the two mixtures are combined, there will be no reaction between the two compounds, so no precipitate will form. Therefore, the only compound remaining in the solution will be KBr.

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True, an orbital is a probability map showing exactly where an electron can be found in an atom. In an atom, electrons reside in specific regions called orbitals. These orbitals describe the probability distribution of an electron's position in a three-dimensional space around the nucleus of the atom. An orbital does not show the exact path or trajectory of an electron, but it provides a representation of the regions where an electron is most likely to be found.

There are various types of orbitals, such as s, p, d, and f orbitals, which differ in their shapes and energies. Electrons within these orbitals are organized into energy levels or shells. As you move away from the nucleus, the energy levels and the number of electrons in each shell increase. The distribution and arrangement of electrons in orbitals play a vital role in determining the chemical and physical properties of an atom.
In summary, an orbital represents a probability map that indicates the most likely locations for an electron within an atom, providing valuable information about the atom's structure and behavior.

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The answers are 1. the value of ΔH° for the combustion of one mole of methane is -801 kJ/mol and 2. the value of ΔE° for the combustion of one mole of methane is also -801 kJ/mol.

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The written formula for Manganese (IV) nitrate is Mn(NO₃)₄.

In this formula, Manganese (Mn) has a +4 charge (indicated by the Roman numeral IV) and Nitrate (NO₃) has a -1 charge.

To create a neutral compound, we need four nitrate ions to balance the +4 charge of Manganese.

Therefore, we write the formula as Mn(NO₃)₄.

Hence, The written formula for Manganese (IV) nitrate is Mn(NO₃)₄, which consists of one Manganese ion with a +4 charge and four nitrate ions, each with a -1 charge, to form a neutral compound.

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When some of the NH4NO3 solid is spilled on the lab bench and not successfully added to the calorimeter, it will affect the final temperature of the water/solution in the calorimeter.

A calorimeter is a device used to measure the heat of a chemical reaction or physical change. In this case, the reaction between NH4NO3 and water is being measured.Since a smaller amount of NH4NO3 is added to the calorimeter, the reaction's heat production will be less than expected. As a result, the temperature change of the water/solution in the calorimeter will be smaller. This means that the final temperature of the water/solution will be higher than it would have been if the correct amount of NH4NO3 had been added.In summary, spilling some of the NH4NO3 solid on the lab bench and not adding it to the calorimeter will cause the final temperature of the water/solution in the calorimeter to be higher than expected, as less heat is produced by the reaction with a smaller amount of NH4NO3.

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1. CO: 3 electron pairs are shared.
2. O₂: Two electron pairs are shared.
3. ClO: 1 electron pair is shared.
4. CN: Three electron pairs are shared.

Here's the information about the shared electron pairs (bonds) in each of the molecules and ions:

1. CO - Carbon Monoxide has a triple bond between C and O, which means 3 electron pairs are shared.
2. O₂ - Oxygen molecule has a double bond between the two O atoms, which means 2 electron pairs are shared.
3. ClO - Chlorine Monoxide has a single bond between Cl and O, which means 1 electron pair is shared.
4. CN - Cyanide ion has a triple bond between C and N, which means 3 electron pairs are shared.

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Boric acid is a monoprotic and Lewis acid. B(OH)[tex]_3[/tex] + H[tex]_2[/tex]O ⇌ [BO(OH)[tex]_2[/tex]]− + H[tex]_3[/tex]O+ and HBO[tex]_2[/tex] + H[tex]_2[/tex]O ⇌ [BO[tex]_2[/tex]]− + H[tex]_3[/tex]O+ are the reactions for ionisation of boric acid.

In particular, orthoboric acid is a boron, oxygen, plus hydrogen chemical having the formula B(OH)3. Trihydroxidoboron, hydrogen orthoborate, and boracic acid are other names for it. It occurs naturally as the substance known as sassolite and is typically found as colourless crystals.

A white powder that dissolves in water. It is a weak acid that can react using alcohols to produce borate esters as well as a variety of borate anions and salts. Boric acid is a monoprotic and Lewis acid. B(OH)[tex]_3[/tex] + H[tex]_2[/tex]O ⇌ [BO(OH)[tex]_2[/tex]]− + H[tex]_3[/tex]O+ and HBO[tex]_2[/tex] + H[tex]_2[/tex]O ⇌ [BO[tex]_2[/tex]]− + H[tex]_3[/tex]O+ are the reactions for ionisation of boric acid.

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Nuclear fission is only experimental however, nuclear fusion is not experimental.

Fission generates energy by breaking heavier atoms, such as uranium, into smaller atoms like iodine, cesium, strontium, xenon, and barium, to mention a few.

Fusion, on the other hand, is the joining of light atoms, such as two hydrogen isotopes.

Both are nuclear reactions that generate energy, but they are not the same. Fusion is the joining of two light nuclei to create a larger nucleus, whereas fission is the breaking of a heavy nucleus into two lighter ones.

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To calculate the joules of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 15 grams of gold from 22°C to 85°C, you can use the formula: Q = mcΔT where Q is the heat energy in joules, m is the mass in grams, c is the specific heat, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

Given: m = 15 grams c = 0.129 J/(g x °C) Initial temperature = 22°C Final temperature = 85°C First, find the change in temperature (ΔT): ΔT = Final temperature - Initial temperature ΔT = 85°C - 22°C ΔT = 63°C Now, plug the values into the formula: Q = (15 g) x (0.129 J/(g x °C)) x (63°C) Q = 121.635 J Since the answer should be in whole joules, you can round it to the nearest whole number: Q ≈ 122 J None of the given options match the calculated answer. However, option A (121 J) is closest to the calculated value of 122 J, so it can be considered as the best available answer among the provided options.

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The specific names and abbreviations of nucleosides and nucleotides depend on the specific nitrogenous base and sugar present, all the answers are below:

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(a) Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic forces of attraction and Covalent compounds have weaker forces of attraction between their molecules. (b) Ionic compounds are generally soluble in water, while covalent compounds are often insoluble in water. (c) Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water or melted and Covalent compounds, do not conduct electricity.

Ionic and covalent compounds are two types of chemical compounds that differ in their properties. Here are the differences between ionic and covalent compounds based on three properties:

(a) Strength of forces between constituent elements: Ionic compounds are formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of ions with opposite charges that are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction. Covalent compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms, resulting in the formation of molecules that are held together by weaker intermolecular forces.

(b) Solubility of compounds in water: Ionic compounds are generally soluble in water because they can dissociate into ions that can be hydrated by water molecules. Covalent compounds are generally insoluble in water because they do not dissociate into ions and are not attracted to water molecules.

(c) Electrical conduction in substances: Ionic compounds can conduct electricity when dissolved in water or when melted because the ions are free to move and carry an electric charge. Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity because they do not have free ions to carry an electric charge.

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