neglecting momentum conservation, what is the absolute minimum photon energy needed to create a e e- pair

The actual mechanical advantage of the nutcracker, which is defined as the ratio of output force to input force, is 4, where the output force is 50.0 N and the input force is 12.5 N.

The mechanical advantage of a simple machine is defined as the ratio of the output force to the input force. In the case of the nutcracker, the input force is 12.5 N and the output force is 50.0 N, so the actual mechanical advantage of the nutcracker can be calculated as:

Actual mechanical advantage = output force / input force

Actual mechanical advantage = 50.0 N / 12.5 N

Actual mechanical advantage = 4

Therefore, the actual mechanical advantage of the nutcracker is 4. This means that for every 1 unit of input force applied to the nutcracker, the nutcracker provides 4 units of output force.

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In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe, the velocity profile is parabolic in shape with the highest velocity at the centerline and decreasing towards the wall. Using the continuity equation, which states that the mass flow rate is constant throughout the pipe, we can determine the velocity at the center of the pipe.

Assuming that the pipe is fully developed laminar flow, the velocity profile is symmetrical about the centerline. Therefore, the velocity at the centerline is twice the velocity at r=0.5R (where R is the radius of the pipe).

Using this relationship and the measured velocity of 11 m/s at r=0.5R, we can calculate that the velocity at the center of the pipe is 22 m/s. It is important to note that this calculation is only valid for laminar flow conditions and assumes that there is no turbulence present in the flow.

If the flow becomes turbulent, the velocity profile will no longer be parabolic and the calculation of the centerline velocity will become more complex.

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The jovian planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) and terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) both formed from the same solar nebula according to the nebular theory of solar system formation.

The key difference in their early formation that explains why they ended up different is not based on the composition of planetesimals (i.e., ice or rock/metal), but rather the distance from the sun at which they formed.

Jovian planets formed farther from the sun where temperatures were lower, allowing for the accumulation of large amounts of gas and ice, resulting in their large size and gaseous composition. Terrestrial planets formed closer to the sun where temperatures were higher, leading to the formation of smaller rocky planets with solid surfaces.

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The presence of the wire reduces the flow rate, but the amount of reduction depends on the ratio d/D and the specific conditions within the pipe.

We would like to know how the presence of a wire with diameter d affects the flow rate in a pipe with diameter D, given a pressure drop per unit length.

Let's consider two cases: (a) d/D is small and (b) d/D is significant.

(a) If d/D is small, the presence of the wire minimally affects the flow rate, as the wire occupies only a small portion of the pipe's cross-sectional area.

The flow rate reduction can be calculated using the ratio of the wire's area to the pipe's area. The reduction factor is (d^2)/(D^2), and the flow rate will be reduced by a small amount based on this ratio.

(b) If d/D is significant, the presence of the wire will have a more pronounced effect on the flow rate.

In this case, the reduction in flow rate depends on multiple factors, such as the shape of the wire and the interaction between the wire, fluid, and pipe wall. Calculating the exact flow rate reduction may require experimental data or more complex mathematical models.

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The angular acceleration vector of a 10-kg cylindrical shell of 2-m radius rotating about a central axis subjected to the force f depends on the direction of the force and cannot be determined solely from the given information.

The angular acceleration of an object is defined as the rate of change of its angular velocity and is a vector quantity that points along the axis of rotation. To calculate the angular acceleration vector, we need to know the direction and magnitude of the force applied to the cylindrical shell, as well as its moment of inertia.

The moment of inertia of a cylindrical shell of radius R and mass M rotating about its central axis is given by I = 0.5MR². Once we know the moment of inertia and the net torque acting on the object, we can calculate the angular acceleration vector using the formula τ = Iα, where τ is the net torque and α is the angular acceleration.

Therefore, more information is needed to determine the direction of the angular acceleration vector.

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Answer: Granulation

Explanation:

The answer is Granulation.

In relation to line locators, conductive refers to a direct connection between the pipe and transmitter. Conductive locating involves connecting a transmitter to a metallic pipe or cable and then using a receiver to detect the signal transmitted through the pipe or cable.

The transmitter sends an electrical signal through the conductive material, which is then picked up by the receiver. This technique is particularly useful when locating pipes or cables that are buried underground or hidden behind walls. By using conductive locating, line locators can accurately determine the location, depth, and direction of the pipe or cable. In contrast, an indirect connection with radio waves, as in option B, is referred to as inductive locating, which involves detecting the electromagnetic field around the pipe or cable. While inductive locating can be useful in some situations, such as locating non-conductive pipes or cables, it is less accurate than conductive locating. Overall, conductive locating is a key technique used by line locators to accurately and efficiently locate buried or hidden pipes and cables.

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Current is the flow of charges along a conducting path and is measured in amperes. So the correct option is B.

Current is the flow of electric charge along a conducting path, typically in the form of electrons moving through a wire or other conductive material. The unit of current is the ampere, which is defined as the flow of one coulomb of charge per second. It's abbreviated as "A".

Voltage, on the other hand, is the electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit or electrical system. It's measured in volts and represents the force that drives the flow of current. Voltage is often compared to the pressure in a water pipe - just as water will flow from a high-pressure area to a low-pressure area, electrical charge will flow from a high-voltage area to a low-voltage area.

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Position between center of curvature and focal point for blurred image.

If you place your face in front of a concave mirror, several statements can be made about the image formed.

One correct statement is that if you position yourself between the center of curvature and the focal point of the mirror, you will not be able to see a sharp image of your face.

This is because in this region, the mirror produces a virtual and magnified image, which is not focused on a screen or surface.

The image formed by a concave mirror can be either real or virtual, depending on the position of the object.

However, the other statements provided are not universally correct. The size and orientation of the image depend on the position of the object relative to the focal point and the center of curvature.

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As the air cools, it becomes denser and sinks below warmer air (option b). Cooling causes a decrease in air molecules' kinetic energy, reducing their speed and increasing their proximity to each other.

This increased density leads to higher air pressure. According to the ideal gas law, decreasing temperature decreases the air pressure.

This denser, cooler air displaces the warmer, less dense air, causing it to rise. This process is known as convection.

It creates vertical air movements, with cooler air sinking and warmer air rising.

The resulting circulation patterns play a crucial role in weather and climate systems, influencing wind patterns, cloud formation, and precipitation. Thus, the correct option is b.

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Answer:E

Explanation: it's literally resistance

(a) The speed of the pulse is approximately 38.82 m/s.

(b) The tension in the cable is approximately 1,086,224.39 N.

(a) To calculate the speed of the pulse, we need to use the formula for wave speed, which is given by v = λ/T, where v is the wave speed, λ is the wavelength, and T is the period.

In this case, since the pulse travels along the cable and returns to the starting point, the wavelength is equal to the length of the cable, λ = 660 m. The period, T, is the time it took for the pulse to return, T = 17 s. Plugging in these values into the formula, we have v = 660 m / 17 s ≈ 38.82 m/s.

Therefore, the speed of the pulse is approximately 38.82 m/s.

(b) The tension in the cable can be determined using the formula for wave speed, v = √(T/μ), where T is the tension and μ is the linear mass density of the cable.

The linear mass density is given by μ = (mass/length), and we need to find the mass of the cable. To calculate the mass, we can use the formula for the volume of a cylinder, V = πr²h, where r is the radius and h is the height.

The radius is half of the diameter, r = 1.5 cm / 2 = 0.75 cm = 0.0075 m, and the height is the length of the cable, h = 660 m. Thus, V = π(0.0075 m)²(660 m) ≈ 0.091 m³.

The density of steel is approximately 7850 kg/m³. Therefore, the mass of the cable is m = V * density = 0.091 m³ * 7850 kg/m³ ≈ 714.35 kg. Substituting the values into the wave speed formula, we have 38.82 m/s = √(T / 714.35 kg).

Solving for T, we find T ≈ (38.82 m/s)² * 714.35 kg ≈ 1086224.39 N. Hence, the tension in the cable is approximately 1,086,224.39 Newtons.

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Harry Markowitz's formula for diversification in handout 9 and determining if there is a certain type of risk that matters the most to an investor who holds an equal-weighted portfolio of an infinite number of assets (n is infinity).

Harry Markowitz's Modern Portfolio Theory emphasizes the importance of diversification in investment portfolios. In a well-diversified portfolio, the risk is minimized by allocating investments among various assets. The key concept here is that not all risks can be eliminated through diversification, but unsystematic risk can be reduced.

When an investor holds an equal-weighted portfolio with an infinite number of assets (n is infinity), the unsystematic risk tends to be diversified away, and what matters the most to the investor is the systematic risk. Systematic risk is the risk inherent to the entire market or market segment, and it cannot be eliminated through diversification. Examples of systematic risk factors include macroeconomic factors such as interest rates, inflation, and political events.

In summary, in a well-diversified equal-weighted portfolio with an infinite number of assets, the type of risk that matters the most to the investor is the systematic risk, as unsystematic risk can be significantly reduced through diversification.

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Increasing the width of the slit and decreasing the wavelength of the red light would decrease the angles at which the diffraction minima appear.

There are several alterations that can decrease the angles at which the diffraction minima appear when red light is diffracted through a single slit. These alterations include:

Decreasing the width of the single slit: Reducing the width of the slit narrows the diffracted light pattern, resulting in smaller angles between the minima.

Decreasing the wavelength of the red light: A shorter wavelength leads to a smaller diffraction angle. By using red light with a shorter wavelength, the angles at which the minima appear will decrease.

Increasing the distance between the single slit and the screen: Increasing the distance between the slit and the screen leads to a larger diffraction pattern. As a result, the angles at which the minima appear will decrease.

These alterations directly affect the characteristics of the diffraction pattern, causing a decrease in the angles at which the diffraction minima occur.

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the velocity of the wave is 400m/s

The formula for the velocity of the wave is, V = w/k

where ,  w is the coefficient of t and k is the coefficient of x

now putting values we get, v = 200/0.5 = 400

Hence the velocity of the wave is 400 m/s

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The ideal mechanical advantage of the nutcracker is 5.0.

The ideal mechanical advantage of a nutcracker can be calculated as follows;

IMA = input distance / output distance

The input distance = 15 cm

The output distance 3 cm

IMA = 15 cm / 3 cm

IMA = 5.0

Thus, the ideal mechanical advantage of the nutcracker is determined using the ratio of the distances.

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The thickness is not practically feasible or useful, so in reality, the electrolyte thickness would be much smaller, typically in the range of microns to millimeters.

The absolute minimum possible functional electrolyte thickness for a SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) can be calculated using the dielectric breakdown strength of the electrolyte, which is 10^8 V/m. Since the fuel cell voltages are typically around 1V or less, the minimum possible functional electrolyte thickness can be found using the formula:

Electrolyte thickness = Dielectric breakdown strength / Fuel cell voltage

Plugging in the values, we get:

Electrolyte thickness = 10^8 V/m / 1V
Electrolyte thickness = 10^8 m

Therefore, the absolute minimum possible functional electrolyte thickness for a SOFC would be 10^8 meters or 100,000 kilometers. However, this thickness is not practically feasible or useful, so in reality, the electrolyte thickness would be much smaller, typically in the range of microns to millimeters.

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In a photoelectric experiment, if both the intensity and frequency of the incident light are doubled, the saturation photoelectric current is doubled. The correct option is C.

The intensity and frequency of light are related to the number of photons and the energy of the photons, respectively. Doubling the intensity increases the number of incident photons, thus increasing the number of emitted photoelectrons and the current.

However, doubling the frequency increases the energy of each photon but does not affect the number of photons striking the surface. Since the work function (the energy required to emit an electron) remains the same, the excess energy goes into the kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons, not into increasing the current.

Therefore, the combined effect of doubling both intensity and frequency results in a doubled saturation photoelectric current.

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The velocity of a 0. 400-kg billiard ball if its wavelength is 5. 8 cm (large enough for it to interfere with other billiard balls) is 3.06 x [tex]10^{-32}[/tex] m/s

λ = h/mv

where λ is the wavelength, h is Planck's constant, m is the mass of the billiard ball, and v is its velocity.

Rearranging this equation, we can solve for v:

v = h/(mλ)

Substituting the given values, we get:

v = (6.626 x [tex]10^{-34}[/tex] J s) / (0.400 kg x 5.8 x [tex]10^{-2}[/tex] m)

v = 3.06 x [tex]10^{-32}[/tex] m/s

Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs of a wave. It is represented by the Greek letter lambda (λ). Wavelength is an important characteristic of all types of waves, including light, sound, and electromagnetic waves. The wavelength of a wave is determined by its frequency and speed. Higher-frequency waves have shorter wavelengths, while lower-frequency waves have longer wavelengths. Similarly, faster waves have shorter wavelengths, while slower waves have longer wavelengths.

Wavelength plays a crucial role in the behavior of waves. For example, in optics, the wavelength of light determines its color and how it interacts with matter. In acoustics, the wavelength of sound determines the pitch of the sound. The concept of wavelength is also important in quantum mechanics, where it is used to describe the wave-like behavior of subatomic particles.

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When the light of a specific wavelength (in this case, 400 nm) is transmitted through an interference filter and strikes a metal surface, a phenomenon called the photoelectric effect occurs, where electrons are emitted from the metal.

If the intensity of the light is doubled, more electrons are emitted in a given time interval (option b), but the other options are not necessarily true. The stopping potential, which is the voltage needed to stop the flow of electrons, may or may not increase depending on the conditions. The work function of the metal surface, which is the energy required to remove an electron from the metal, is not affected by the intensity of the light. Finally, the average kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is not necessarily doubled, and may even decrease if the electrons experience collisions or interactions with other particles before being emitted from the metal surface.

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The work done on the 4.8 kg mobile object by the force acting on it is 350 J.

The work done on a 4.8 kg mobile object by a force acting on it, which moves from an initial position to a final position in 4.30 s, needs to be calculated.

The work done on an object is equal to the force applied to it multiplied by the distance it moves in the direction of the force. The formula for work is W = Fd, where W is work, F is force, and d is distance. If the force is constant, the work done can be calculated as W = Fdcosθ, where θ is the angle between the force and the direction of motion.

In this case, the force and the distance are not given, but the time taken to travel the distance is given. However, we can use the formula for average velocity to find the distance. The formula for average velocity is v = Δd/Δt, where v is velocity, Δd is the change in distance, and Δt is the change in time.

We can rearrange this formula to find the distance traveled: Δd = vΔt. Since the initial velocity is zero, the final velocity is equal to the average velocity. Therefore, the distance traveled is given by Δd = (vf+vi)/2 * t, where vf is the final velocity and vi is the initial velocity.

Next, we need to find the force applied to the object. We can use the formula for acceleration to find the force. The formula for acceleration is a = F/m, where a is acceleration, F is force, and m is mass. Rearranging this formula, we get F = ma.

We can use the formula for average velocity to find the final velocity. The formula for average velocity is v = Δd/Δt, where v is velocity, Δd is the change in distance, and Δt is the change in time. We can rearrange this formula to find the final velocity: vf = Δd/Δt.

Given: m = 4.8 kg, t = 4.30 s

Assume initial velocity, vi = 0 m/s

Assume final position, xf = 25.0 m

Using v = Δd/Δt, we can find the average velocity, vave:

vave = (xf - xi) / t = (25 - 0) / 4.30 = 5.81 m/s

Using vf = (vi + vave) / 2, we can find the final velocity, vf:

vf = (0 + 5.81) / 2 = 2.91 m/s

Using F = ma, we can find the force, F:

F = ma = (4.8 kg) * (2.91 m/s²) = 14 N

Using W = Fd, we can find the work done on the object:

W = Fdcosθ = Fdcos0 = Fd = (14 N) * (25.0 m) = 350 J

Therefore, the work done on the 4.8 kg mobile object by the force acting on it is 350 J.

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The accurate explanation for the observation that the length of daylight increased with each observation from December to June is option d.

Jonathan compared the length of daylight in the United States during the months of December, February, and June. The amount of daylight increased with each observation, with December having the fewest hours of daylight and June having the most:

The Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun in the summer months. This tilt causes the sunlight to spread over a larger area, resulting in longer daylight hours during the summer months. Conversely, in the winter months, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, resulting in shorter daylight hours.

Option a is incorrect because the Earth's rotation does not change throughout the year. Option b is also incorrect because atmospheric gases do not significantly affect the amount of daylight.

Option c is incorrect because the Earth's distance from the sun does not significantly affect the amount of daylight.

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Answer:

θ = sin^-1 (1.22 × 550 × 10^-9 m / 0.63 m)

θ ≈ 1.59 × 10^-6 rad

d = sin (1.59 × 10^-6 rad) × (19 × 9.461 × 10^15 m)

d ≈ 5.6 × 10^12 m

Therefore, the stars are approximately 5.6 × 10^12 m or 5.6 trillion kilometers apart.

The correct option is C, Each point of a light-emitting object sends an infinite number of rays.

Light-emitting refers to the process by which a material emits light. This can happen through a variety of mechanisms, such as thermal radiation, fluorescence, or phosphorescence. When a material absorbs energy, such as through exposure to light or heat, it can become excited and release this energy in the form of light.

For example, in fluorescence, a material absorbs high-energy light and then emits lower-energy light as it returns to its ground state. This is the process that makes fluorescent materials glow under UV light. In phosphorescence, the material continues to emit light even after the excitation source has been removed, due to a delayed release of energy. Light-emitting is an important phenomenon in many areas of science and technology, such as lighting, displays, and lasers.

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The factor that will directly affect the magnetic force produced by an electromagnetic is (option A) Number of turns in the wire, amount of current.

When a current goes through a wire, it creates a magnetic field around that wire. The strength of the magnetic field is determined by the amount of current that flows through the wire and the number of turns in the wire.

The more turns  in the wire and  how high the current  will determine how strong the magnetic field produce by the Electromagnets will be.

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The type of stress necessary are:  Basin and Range province: Tension, San Andreas Fault: Shear, Grand Teton Mountains, Appalachian Mountains and Dakota Hogback: Compression.

1. Basin and Range province: Tension
Tension stress causes the crust to be pulled apart, resulting in the formation of alternating mountain ranges and valleys, such as those found in the Basin and Range province.
2. San Andreas Fault: Shear
Shear stress causes adjacent crustal blocks to slide past one another, which is what happens along the San Andreas Fault. This type of stress is responsible for the formation of transform faults.
3. Grand Teton Mountains: Compression
Compression stress pushes crustal blocks together, resulting in the formation of mountains. The Grand Teton Mountains were formed by the compression of crustal blocks due to tectonic forces.
4. Appalachian Mountains: Compression
Similar to the Grand Teton Mountains, the Appalachian Mountains were also formed by compression stress. The crustal blocks were pushed together, leading to the formation of these mountains.
5. Dakota Hogback: Compression
The Dakota Hogback is a geological feature that was formed by compression stress. This stress caused the uplift and folding of the rock layers, resulting in the distinctive ridge-like feature of the Dakota Hogback.

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The rms intensity of this electromagnetic wave is 6.50 x 10-9 T, and its vertical magnetic field oscillates at an oscillation frequency of 88.0 kHz.

The magnetic field of this electromagnetic wave oscillates vertically and is travelling westward. The magnetic field is bouncing up and down 88,000 times per second at the wave's frequency of 88.0 kHz. The magnetic field has a root mean square (rms) strength of 6.50 x 10-9 T.

The way a wave interacts with matter can depend on its frequency and power. Higher frequency waves have the potential to be more energetic and potentially harmful to living things. Lower frequency waves, however, might be less dangerous.

In conclusion, the rms intensity of this electromagnetic wave is 6.50 x 10-9 T, and its vertical magnetic field oscillates at an oscillation frequency of 88.0 kHz.

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The nurse determined that the heart beats periodically 60 times in 60 seconds, which means that the heart beats once every second. which in this case is one heartbeat. the period of the heartbeat is 1 second.

Therefore, the period of the heartbeat is 1 second. Option A (1 Hz) is incorrect because 1 Hz refers to the frequency, which is the number of cycles per second, not the period. Option B (60 Hz) is incorrect because it is an extremely high frequency that is not consistent with the human heartbeat. Option D (60 s) is incorrect because it is too long of a period for one heartbeat.
"A nurse takes the pulse of a heart and determines the heart beats periodically 60 times in 60 seconds. The period of her heartbeat is The period of her heartbeat is C: 1 s.

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The charge of particle A is two times that of particle B nearby. The force acting on particle B is D) the same that acting on particle A.

In this scenario, we are considering two particles, A and B, with particle A having twice the charge of particle B. Coulomb's Law, which states that the electrostatic force between two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of their distance, can be used to calculate the force acting on each particle.

Mathematically, Coulomb's Law is expressed as F = k * (|q1 * q2| / r^2), where F is the force, k is Coulomb's constant, q1 and q2 are the charges of the particles, and r is the distance between them. Since particle A has twice the charge of particle B, we can denote the charges as qA = 2 * qB. When we substitute these values into Coulomb's Law, we can analyze the relationship between the forces on each particle.

For particle A: FA = k * (|2 * qB * qB| / [tex]r^2[/tex]) For particle B: FB = k * (|qB * 2 * qB| / [tex]r^2[/tex]) As we can see, both equations are identical, meaning that force on particle A is the same as the force on particle B. Therefore, the correct answer is: D) the same.

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The frequency of a 1.1 MeV gamma-ray photon is approximately 2.66 x 10²⁰ Hz.

We can use the equation E = hf, where E is the energy of the photon, h is Planck's constant, and f is the frequency of the photon, to find the frequency of a 1.1 MeV gamma-ray photon.

First, we need to convert the energy of the photon from mega-electron volts (MeV) to joules (J) by multiplying it by the conversion factor 1.602 × 10⁻¹³ J/MeV:

E = 1.1 MeV * 1.602 × 10⁻¹³ J/MeV

E = 1.762 × 10⁻¹³ J

Next, we can rearrange the equation to solve for the frequency:

f = E/h

where h is Planck's constant, which has a value of 6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ joule-seconds.

Substituting the values, we get:

f = (1.762 × 10⁻¹³ J) / (6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ J-s)

f = 2.66 x 10²⁰ Hz

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