What is cancer? Is cancer only one disease?
How does cancer affect the cell cycle and the growth of cells? How is this process similar to or different from how an infectious disease affects cells?
How do genes play a role in cancer progression?
Are there any environmental or pathogenic factors that can cause cancer?
How does cancer progress in the body? Why is cancer difficult to treat in the later stages?
What do the terms stage and grade mean in the context of cancer?
What current treatments exist for cancer?
What treatments are on the horizon?
What are the challenges of treating or curing cancer?
Answer:
- Cancer isn't a single disease. The term cancer encompasses more than 200 diseases all characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells.
- Cancer cells also fail to undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis, under conditions when normal cells would (e.g., due to DNA damage). In addition, emerging research shows that cancer cells may undergo metabolic changes that support increased cell growth and division 5start superscript, 5, end superscript.
Genetic Changes and Cancer
Genes carry the instructions to make proteins, which do much of the work in our cells. Certain gene changes can cause cells to evade normal growth controls and become cancer. For example, some cancer-causing gene changes increase production of a protein that makes cells grow.
- People who have certain jobs such as; painting, construction, pesticide and petroleum workers have an increased risk of cancer. Many studies have shown that exposure to asbestos, benzene, benzidine, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, radon and vinyl chloride in the workplace can cause cancer.
- Metastatic cancer causes most cancer deaths, but exactly why it is so difficult to treat is not precisely understood. Metastatic tumors often acquire additional genetic changes from those in the primary tumors that spawned them, and these genetic characteristics may cause them to resist standard treatments.
- Treating cancer is further complicated due to the lifestyle and attitude of patients, the different physiology of people and the rate their bodies will metabolise drugs, the blood supply to the tumour affecting the drug getting into the tumour, the tumour physiology and the fact that the tumour can continue to change.
- The stage of a cancer describes the size of a tumour and how far it has spread from where it originated. The grade describes the appearance of the cancerous cells.
- Cancer treatment options include:
Surgery. The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as much of the cancer as possible.
Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
Radiation therapy. ...
Bone marrow transplant. ...
Immunotherapy. ...
Hormone therapy. ...
Targeted drug therapy. ...
Cryoablation.
- Cancer treatments on the horizon
Current treatments. There are many treatments currently available to treat different types of cancers. ...
Biological therapy. ...
Haematopoietic growth factors. ...
Stem cell and bone marrow transplants. ...
Individual hormonal drugs. ...
Monoclonal antibodies. ...
Surgery. ...
Clinical trials.
- Treating cancer is further complicated due to the lifestyle and attitude of patients, the different physiology of people and the rate their bodies will metabolise drugs, the blood supply to the tumour affecting the drug getting into the tumour, the tumour physiology and the fact that the tumour can continue to change.
Explanation:
MY INTRODUCTION ARE ANSWERS TO ALL YOUR QUESTIONS (your question is too long)
how important are mangrove swamp in the population of fishes?
Answer:
They help the area of vegetation around it grow and also gives a lot of craba's a place to stay
a particular peach tree produces peaches that are more resistant to disease than other peaches. what method would reproduce these exact peaches?
The best way to get the exact preach tree is through Asexual reproduction.
Asexual reproduction is the only method of reproduction in which the exact copies of genes in the parents are transferred to the offspring. If cross pollinations( Sexual reproduction') with the a peaches plants from a different parents plants takes place, genetic variation at meiosis will not permit the inheritance of the exact copies of genes for diseases resistance.
Therefore, it is ideal in this scenario to by pass crossing over and recombination at meiosis, in order get the exact copes of genes for disease resistance through mitosis in the offspring, asexual preproduction is used.
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The method that would produce peaches of exactly the same characteristics would be cloning or vegetative propagation.
Cloning the peaches that are more resistant to disease will result in the production of peaches with exactly the same morphological and genetic attributes.
The same result would be obtained by propagating the desired peaches asexually using relevant means.
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what percentage of earth water is found in the oceans
Answer: 97 percent of earths water is found in the ocean the other percent is fresh water.
Explanation:
Answer:
About 71 percent of the Earth's surface is water-covered and the ocean hold about 96.5 percent of all Earth's water.
My Octopus Teacher
How does the filmmaker know when trust is obtained with the octopus?
Answer: Huh ?
Explanation: What is an octopus teacher ???
Why do beavers destroy the forests around us? We know they build dams, but why don't they ever use what they cut down?
Answer:
Well im sure they do... maybe they dont use allot it though, like if they forget about some of the wood or they are done making a dam
Explanation:
The beaver becomes a nuisance when they interfere with man's use of the land. Dams can flood large areas of agricultural land or forest, roads can be washed out and cultivated trees and shrubs may be damaged or destroyed.
if I subtract 20 from my number, then square the result, I get the same answer as if I square my number, then subtract 20 from the result
What is my number and how do you work it out?
The value of the unknown number is 10.5.
Let the unknown number = x
When 20 is subtracted from the number and the result is squared which is equal to the square of the unknown number minus 20:
(x - 20)² = x² - 20
expand the equation;
x² - 40x + 400 = x² - 20
collect similar terms together;
x² - x² - 40x = -20 - 400
-40x = -420
[tex]x = \frac{420}{40}\\\\ x = 10.5[/tex]
Thus, the value of the unknown number is 10.5.
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Answer:
(x - 20)² = x² - 20
expand the equation;
x² - 40x + 400 = x² - 20
collect similar terms together;
x² - x² - 40x = -20 - 400
-40x = -420
what male reproductive organs are responsible for sperm production?
Answer:
The testes are responsible for making testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, and for producing sperm. Within the testes are coiled masses of tubes called seminiferous tubules. These tubules are responsible for producing the sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis
Explanation:
its copied but hope it helps
is gene paired on endosperm cell?
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
What is the genetic makeup of endosperm?
One sperm fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote, and the other sperm fuses with two female-gametophyte nuclei (known as polar nuclei) to form the triploid primary-endosperm nucleus. Therefore, the endosperm, which devel- ops from this triploid nucleus, has an unusual genetic composition
Hoped that helped:P
what is the role of the beaver in its ecosystems?
a) it is a foundation species and the main source of food for the natural predators of its ecosystems.
b) it is a keystone species that modifies its natural environment by damming streams to form wetlands
c) it is a dominant species, as it has the greatest number of individuals among all the mammalian species of its ecosystem
d) it is an endangered species as it has the least number of individuals among all the mammalian species of its ecosystem
Answer:
B)
Explanation:
What are the three types of polysaccharides?
BRAINLIEST FOR THE BEST ANSWER!!!
Answer:
cellulose, starch and glycogen
Explanation:
the three types of polysaccharides are cellulose, starch and glycogen
Answer:
so the best ones are cellulose, starch, and glycogen
Explanation:
ll made by joining together molecules of glucose in different ways. It has been estimated that 50% of the world's organic carbon is found in one molecule; cellulose. hope this helps ! hu
the role of the cholesterol molecules (pink) in the phospholipid bilayer can be described by what statement
What is gene expression?
A. The production of a trait
B. The reading of DNA
C. Using a protein to make a gene
D. Using a gene to make a protein
Answer:
it is the process of information encoded in a gene which is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule.
Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback?
a. when your body is cold and triggers shivering to warm your body up
b. insulin's reducing blood sugar
c. withdrawing your hand from a painful stimulus, like a broken glass
d. the formation of a platelet plug during blood clotting
Answer:
C
Explanation:
that's the only one that seems reasonable. and (positive)
which part of the dna nucleotide determines genetic characteristics?
A small group of worms belonging to the phylum ___________ are sometimes referred to as the missing link between Chordates and Echinoderms as they share some basic developmental characteristics of both.
Answer: the answer is Hemichordates
How are these cells classified
Science is often described as a way of knowing things. Beginning with careful observations, describe how the knowing of things usually works.
There is an error in the above model.
(a) What is this a model of? (2pts)
(b) Explain how you would change the model to make it correct? (2pts)
ATP hydrolysis is the lysis of the molecule mediated by water. It releases a phosphate group and energy. It is a reversible reaction. (a) Reversible ATP hydrolysis. (b) added energy on the left and released energy on the right.
------------------------
ATP is a significant molecule involved in many of the cellular metabolic routes. These metabolic processes can either form it or break it.
ATP provides energy to many different functions in the organism.
ATP means adenosine tri-phosphate. It is composed of adenosine (an adenine plus a ribose), and three phosphate groups.
Note: you can also find adenosine Diphosphate (two phosphates) and adenosine monophosphate (one phosphate).
Oxygens from the phosphate groups only have a single bond to phosphate (there are no hydrogen bonds).
These single bonds, known as phophoanhydrid bonds, have a negative charge and tend to repel each other, making the molecule unstable.
So phosphate groups repel each other, and a considerable amount of energy is applied to keep them united. So phophoanhydrid bonds are high energetic bonds.
The forces that keep the phosphate groups together accumulate potential energy.
If these bonds are broken, part of this potential energy would be released.
When talking about breaking the molecule, we are referring to ATP hydrolysis. And the released energy is used in different cellular processes that require energy.
ATP Hydrolysis is the molecule lysis mediated by a water molecule.
ATP + H₂O ⇄ ADP + Pi + Energy
Pi is the released inorganic phosphate group.
This is a reversible reaction, meaning that the ADP can go back to ATP.
ADP + Pi + Energy ⇄ ATP + H₂O
(a) What is this a model of?
This model represents the reversible ATP hydrolysis.
In the superior part of the image, we can see an ATP molecule composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. The yellow star behind represents the accumulated energy.
When ATP hydrolysis, it loses a phosphate group and part of the energy that was keeping this group in the molecule.
An ADP is composed after hydrolysis. We can see this molecule in the inferior area of the image.
ADP molecule is composed of adenine, ribose, and two phosphate groups.
Because hydrolysis is a reversible process, by adding a new phosphate inorganic group and energy, we can get a new ATP.
(b) Explain how you would change the model to make it correct?
What is wrong with this model is that instead of showing released energy during the hydrolysis process, it shows energy added to the reaction. In the same way, instead of showing added energy to the reversible reaction, it shows released energy.
Added energy and released energy must be changed.
Added energy should be on the leftReleased energy should be on the right---------------------------------
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Some familiar products contain some of the same types of atoms. For instance, the chemical formula for baking soda is NaHCO3. The chemical formula for liquid bleach is NaClO, and the chemical formula for table salt is NaCl. Which choice best describes why these three products have some of the same types of atoms in common?
A. There are only so many elements that exist on Earth
B. Most of the products now on the market contain sodium (Na)
C. The three products have very similar properties
D. Most solids and liquids will absorb some oxygen (O) from the air
Answer:
B
Explanation:
please help
20 points
77. Select the words from the word box below to complete the statements.
4. How would having a high blood viscosity affect your ability to climb stairs? Explain your answer interms of homeostasis of oxygen/carbon dioxide levels
Having a high blood viscosity will slow down ability to climb stairs. This is
because high blood viscosity is associated with high blood pressure.
The binding of oxygen to the blood is reduced in a blood with high viscosity
as there is difficulty in the transport of blood for oxygenation due to its
higher density. This allows fro accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood
which is harmful to body cells.
High blood viscosity will therefore reduce one's ability to climb stairs and
perform other activities.
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1. Describe the flow of energy from the sun to a producer, like grass, and then to a consumer, like a rabbit. Type your answer here:
Explanation:
The Sun then provides energy to the grass through the process of photosynthesis. The rabbit eats the grass, and the rabbit absorbs its energy. Finally, the snake eats the rabbit, and it absorbs the rabbit's energy. Energy travels from the Sun and moves through the ecosystem with each consumer along the chain.
please help will give brainliest
Answer:
Explanation:
in your opinion, do you believe globalization of the automobile industry is good for
the American Economy or does it pose a threat to the American Economy Explain
you answer
It can be deduced that the globalization of the automobile industry is beneficial to the American economy.
Globalization simply means the process by which businesses develop international influence or begin its operations on an international scale.
The globalization of the automotive industry is important as it led to ba increase in the number of vehicles that's were imported into the country.
Globalization gives more individuals personal freedom and access to jobs. This also led to the development of better roads and transportation.
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Which of these events is a likely result of chemical water pollution?
A. Algae are killed by solvents that have run off into a pond.
B. Rainbow trout disappear from a stream because of high water
temperatures.
C. Fish die from lack of oxygen due to an algal bloom.
D. Sediment particles floating in water clog the gills of fish.
What’s the correct answer???
B is not the correct answer
Answer:D
Explanation: If it were A it would have to be C and vice versa so definitly D
Answer: A. Algae are killed by solvents that have run off into a pond.
Explanation: I just took the test
100 points, I need help filling this out.
Answer:
can u put a less blurry pic?
Explanation:
which substance from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
Answer:
The ATP and NADPH which are produced in the light-dependent reactions are utilised as the source of energy in the Calvin Cycle.
Drag each tile to the correct box.
Tanya planted seedlings in her garden over the weekend. The instructions that came with the seedlings stated that they need to be planted 0.2
meters apart. Tanya has a measuring tape that has values in centimeters. Help Tanya convert meters to centimeters.
pls put them in order
65 Pts
Answer:
20 centimeters apart.
Explanation:
Tanya planted seedlings in her garden over the weekend. The instructions that came with the seedlings stated that they need to be planted 0.2 meters apart. Tanya has a measuring tape that has values in centimeters. As we know 1 meter = 100 centimeters . Therefore, 0.2 meter = 0.2 × 100 = 20 centimeters. So Tanya need to be planted 20 centimeters apart.
As DNA replication continues and the replication bubble expands, the parental double helix is unwound and separated into its two component strands.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
As DNA replication continues and the replication bubble expands, the parental double helix is unwound and separated into its two component strands. This unwinding and separating of the DNA require three different types of proteins: helicase, topoisomerase, and single-strand binding proteins.
Explanation:
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