in which of the following condition the firing of the 'off center on surround' ganglion cell will fire leasa. a light beam.b. a chair.c. the retinal image.d. the pattern of activities of light receptors.e. the pattern of activities of retinal ganglion cells.t

True. Hydrophobic exclusion refers to the tendency of hydrophobic (water-repelling) molecules to avoid contact with water.

This can affect the overall shape of many biological molecules, as the hydrophobic regions may be forced to cluster together in order to avoid contact with water molecules. This clustering can have a significant impact on how these molecules interact and fit together, as the specific arrangement of hydrophobic and hydrophilic (water-attracting) regions can determine the overall stability and function of the molecule.

This phenomenon occurs because hydrophobic (water-repelling) regions of the molecules tend to cluster together, minimizing their contact with water, which in turn influences the overall conformation and interactions between these biological molecules.

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The only bone of the facial skeleton that does not articulate with the maxillae is the mandible. The mandible, commonly known as the lower jawbone, is a U-shaped bone that articulates with the temporal bones at the temporomandibular joints, allowing for the movements necessary for chewing and speaking.

It is the largest and strongest bone in the face and plays a crucial role in facial structure and function.

In contrast, the lacrimal bone, zygomatic bone, and vomer do articulate with the maxillae. The lacrimal bone is a small, thin bone located in the medial wall of the eye socket and forms a part of the nasolacrimal canal, which drains tears from the eye to the nasal cavity. The zygomatic bone, also known as the cheekbone, connects to the maxilla and forms the prominence of the cheek and the lateral wall and floor of the eye socket. The vomer is a thin, flat bone that forms the lower part of the nasal septum, dividing the nasal cavity into two chambers. These bones all play essential roles in shaping the facial skeleton and supporting various functions related to the nose, eyes, and cheeks.

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Terms are:-  Pituitary gland, Esophagus, Kidneys, Red bone marrow and Gall bladder.

1. Pituitary gland - The pituitary gland is responsible for controlling endocrine glands in the body. It is often referred to as the "master gland" because it regulates various functions, such as growth, blood pressure, and reproduction.

2. Esophagus - The esophagus transports food from the mouth to the stomach. It is a muscular tube that actively pushes food downwards through a process called peristalsis, allowing for proper digestion.

3. Kidneys - The kidneys play a crucial role in purifying blood and producing urine. They filter waste products and excess substances from the bloodstream, helping to maintain the body's fluid and electrolyte balance.

4. Red bone marrow - Red bone marrow is responsible for producing blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cells are vital for oxygen transportation, immune response, and blood clotting, respectively.

5. Gall bladder - The gall bladder is involved in the storage of bile, which is produced by the liver. Bile aids in the digestion and absorption of fats within the small intestine. When needed, the gall bladder releases bile into the digestive tract.

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Myoglobin is a protein found in the muscles of mammals that is responsible for storing and releasing oxygen during muscle activity.

It is similar to hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the bloodstream, but myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen and is found in much higher concentrations in muscle tissue.

Myoglobin is particularly important for mammals that engage in activities requiring high levels of oxygen consumption, such as diving or running. The amount of myoglobin in muscle tissue can vary depending on the species, with mammals adapted to high-altitude environments or aquatic environments having higher concentrations of myoglobin in their muscles.

Research on myoglobin has also led to important insights into muscle physiology and the mechanisms of oxygen binding and release in biological systems.

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The cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon is the central canal. This canal is surrounded by concentric layers of bone matrix called lamellae, and the canaliculi extend from the central canal to allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste products.

Perforating canals, on the other hand, are channels that run perpendicular to the central canals and connect them to the periosteum and medullary cavity. I hope this explanation helps!

- Perforating canals are channels that connect adjacent osteons and provide a pathway for blood vessels and nerves.
- Lamella refers to the concentric layers of bone matrix that surround the central canal in an osteon.
- Canaliculi are tiny channels that connect lacunae, allowing for communication between bone cells and nutrient exchange.

the Central canal is the correct term for the cylindrical channel in the center of the osteon, while the other terms mentioned (Perforating canal, Canaliculus, and Lamella) are also important components of the bone's structure and function.

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Compact bone is found on the internal surfaces of spongy bone, often lining the marrow cavities is True.

Compact bone, also known as cortical bone, is a dense and strong type of bone tissue that forms the outer layer of bones. It provides protection and support for the body. On the other hand, spongy bone, also known as trabecular bone, is a more porous and less dense type of bone tissue that forms the inner layer of bones. It contains many small spaces that are filled with bone marrow, which produces blood cells.

While spongy bone makes up the inner layer of bones, compact bone can be found on the outer surfaces of bones, as well as on the internal surfaces of spongy bone. It often lines the marrow cavities, which are found in the center of certain bones and contain bone marrow.

Therefore, the statement "Compact bone is found on the internal surfaces of spongy bone, often lining the marrow cavities" is true.

As mentioned above, compact bone and spongy bone are two different types of bone tissue that make up the structure of bones. Compact bone is dense and strong, while spongy bone is more porous and less dense. Both types of bone tissue have different functions and properties.

Compact bone makes up the outer layer of bones and provides support and protection for the body. It is made up of tightly packed bone cells called osteocytes, which are arranged in concentric layers around small channels called Haversian canals. These canals contain blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, which supply nutrients and oxygen to the bone cells and remove waste products.

Spongy bone, on the other hand, makes up the inner layer of bones and is more porous and less dense than compact bone. It contains many small spaces called trabeculae, which are filled with bone marrow. Bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue that produces blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

While compact bone makes up the outer layer of bones, it can also be found on the internal surfaces of spongy bone, often lining the marrow cavities. Marrow cavities are found in the center of certain bones, such as the femur (thigh bone) and the humerus (upper arm bone). These cavities contain bone marrow, which produces blood cells.

In conclusion, compact bone can be found on the internal surfaces of spongy bone, often lining the marrow cavities. This is because both types of bone tissue work together to form the structure of bones and support the body.

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Science is vital for taking care of serious issues that influence a large number of individuals, like an unnatural weather change, infection, neediness, and disparity.

Children learn about the world around them through science. Science has the ability to explain the mechanics and reasons behind complex systems, from the human body to transportation methods.

Science monitors our health, provides medicine to treat diseases, eases pain, enables us to provide water for our basic needs, including food, gives us energy, and makes life more enjoyable through activities like sports, music, and entertainment.

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The correct answer is C) hyoid bone. The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone located at the base of the tongue, between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. It is the only bone in the human body that is not directly connected to any other bone.

The hyoid bone is important because it supports the tongue and its muscles, which are responsible for important functions such as speech and swallowing. The muscles that attach to the hyoid bone include the digastric muscles, the geniohyoid muscle, the mylohyoid muscle, and the stylohyoid muscle. These muscles work together to move the tongue and jaw during speech and swallowing. The hyoid bone also provides attachment for muscles in the neck and shoulders. Injuries to the hyoid bone can be serious and potentially life-threatening, as they can affect the airway and the ability to breathe. In some cases, fractures of the hyoid bone can be a sign of strangulation or other forms of violence. Overall, the hyoid bone plays a critical role in the functioning of the tongue and its muscles, as well as in the overall structure and support of the head and neck.

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The region of the sarcomere containing the thick filaments is the A band, which is the dark band that runs along the length of the sarcomere and contains both thick and thin filaments.

The sarcomere is the basic unit of contraction in skeletal muscle tissue, and it is composed of thick and thin filaments that interact to generate force and produce movement. The A band is the region of the sarcomere that contains the thick filaments, which are made up of the protein myosin. The A band is visible as a dark stripe under a microscope, and it runs the entire length of the sarcomere. The thin filaments, made up of the protein actin, are found in both the A and I bands. The M line, Z line, and H band are other structural components of the sarcomere, but they are not specifically associated with the thick filaments.

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The correct descriptions of the role of fermentation in providing energy for muscle contraction are:

a. results in buildup of lactate
b. relatively fast way to generate ATP
e. usually used for glucose derived from glycogen

a. Results in buildup of lactate: During fermentation, glucose is converted into pyruvate through a process known as glycolysis, which generates a small amount of ATP.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted into lactate, which can accumulate in the muscle and contribute to the feeling of muscle fatigue and soreness. This buildup of lactate can also result in a decrease in muscle pH, which can interfere with muscle function.

b. Relatively fast way to generate ATP: Fermentation is a relatively fast way for muscle cells to generate ATP compared to oxidative phosphorylation, which requires oxygen and takes longer to produce ATP.

During fermentation, ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation, where ATP is synthesized directly from the breakdown products of glucose.

e. Usually used for glucose derived from glycogen: Muscle cells store glucose in the form of glycogen, which can be rapidly broken down into glucose when needed for energy.

During intense exercise, muscle cells can use fermentation to generate ATP from glucose derived from glycogen. This allows muscle cells to continue contracting even when the supply of oxygen is limited.

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The vertebral regions are listed below, with the topmost area closest to the head at the top and the bottommost region furthest from the head at the bottom. Order:1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Instead of being part of the spinal column, the sacrum and coccyx are frequently seen as belonging to the pelvic area. Since they are made of fused vertebrae, they are still regarded as a part of the vertebral column.  The primary axis of the skeleton in all vertebrates is the vertebral column, commonly referred to as the spinal column.

The vertebral column supports the trunk, acts as a location for haemopoiesis, and offers attachment points for muscles. It also protects the spinal cord and nerve roots.

Order:

vertebrae in the neck

chest vertebrae

cervical vertebrae

Sacrum Coccyx.

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The correct answer to your question is "b. myelin sheath". Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS) by causing a breakdown of the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering that surrounds nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord.

Myelin helps to speed up the transmission of electrical signals between nerve cells, enabling smooth and coordinated movements, thoughts, and emotions. When the myelin is damaged, the transmission of signals is disrupted, leading to a wide range of neurological symptoms.The cause of MS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. The immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the myelin sheath, leading to inflammation and scarring (sclerosis) of the affected nerve fibers. This can result in a range of symptoms that vary widely in severity and duration, depending on the location and extent of the damage.
Symptoms of MS can include fatigue, weakness, numbness, tingling, vision problems, difficulty with coordination and balance, bladder and bowel problems, cognitive changes, and mood disorders. There is no cure for MS, but there are several treatments available that can help to manage symptoms, slow the progression of the disease, and improve quality of life. These treatments include medications, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and lifestyle changes such as exercise, healthy eating, and stress reduction.

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A mix-up occurred. The Jones could not have had a baby with Type B blood.

To understand this, let's analyze the possible blood type combinations for each couple's offspring based on their blood types.

Mr. Smith has Type A blood and Mrs. Smith has Type B blood. Their potential offspring blood types include: Type A, Type B, Type AB, and Type O.

Mr. Jones has Type A blood and Mrs. Jones has Type A blood as well. Their potential offspring blood types include: Type A and Type O.

Now, let's compare these possibilities with the blood types of Shirley (Type O) and Jane (Type B). Since Shirley has Type O blood, she could potentially be the child of Mr. and Mrs. Smith. However, Jane has Type B blood, which is not a possible blood type for a child of Mr. and Mrs. Jones, as they can only have Type A or Type O children.

This indicates that a mix-up likely occurred, and the Jones' baby was accidentally switched with the Smith's baby in the nursery.

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Answer: C. Oak tree.

Explanation: Producers are organisms that are capable of synthesizing their own food using energy from the sun, water, and nutrients from the soil. They form the base of the food chain and provide energy for all other organisms in the ecosystem. In the given food web, the oak tree is the only organism that produces its own food through photosynthesis, making it a producer. The oak borer, mouse, and woodpecker are all consumers that depend on the oak tree or other organisms in the food web for their energy needs.

If J. Evans is a human being then J. Evans would have

It is noteworthy to highlight that within humans, a standard count of 46 chromosomes can be found in non-reproductive cells.

These chromosomes are organized into 23 matching pairs and consist of 22 autosomal pairs followed by one pair specifically dedicated for determining biological sex.

Generally speaking:

It is necessary to acknowledge the possibility of chromosomal variances or abnormalities resulting from genetic disorders, which may cause individuals to sustain different array levels.

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False. During the lag phase of microbial growth, the cells are not metabolically inactive. Instead, they are actively preparing themselves for the upcoming growth phase.

This includes synthesizing necessary enzymes and proteins, repairing cell damage, and adapting to their new environment. The lag phase is a critical period for microbial growth because it sets the stage for subsequent exponential growth. Once the cells have adequately prepared themselves, they enter the exponential growth phase, during which they undergo rapid cell division and metabolic activity. The duration of the lag phase can vary depending on factors such as the type of microorganism, the growth medium, and the environmental conditions. In some cases, the lag phase may be quite short, while in others, it can last for several hours or even days. Understanding the lag phase is important for predicting and controlling microbial growth, especially in industrial settings where microbial growth can cause contamination or spoilage.

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The greatest challenge for a plant to adapt to living in the sea is dealing with the high salinity of seawater. Plants that are not adapted to saltwater will struggle to absorb enough water and nutrients, leading to dehydration and malnourishment.

Additionally, the constantly shifting currents and tides can make it difficult for plants to anchor themselves securely, leaving them vulnerable to being uprooted or washed away. However, some plants have evolved specialized adaptations, such as salt glands and flexible stems, that allow them to thrive in ocean environments.

The greatest challenge for a plant to adapt to living in the sea is coping with the high salinity levels. This can affect the plant's water uptake, osmotic balance, and nutrient absorption, making it difficult for the plant to thrive in such an environment.

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Answer: this would be mitosis

Explanation: It plays an important part in the development of embryos, and it is important for the growth and development of our bodies as well

The amount of heat 1 g of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by 1°C is called the specific heat capacity.

Specific heat capacity is a physical property of a substance that describes the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of the substance by one degree Celsius. It is expressed in units of J/g°C (joules per gram per degree Celsius). The specific heat capacity of a substance depends on its molecular structure and the type of bonding between its atoms. Water, for example, has a high specific heat capacity, meaning it takes a lot of heat energy to raise its temperature, while metals have a lower specific heat capacity, meaning they heat up quickly when exposed to heat.

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The type of selection that tends to increase genetic variation is disruptive selection. This occurs when individuals with extreme traits have a higher fitness than those with intermediate traits, leading to an increase in genetic diversity within the population. Stabilizing selection, on the other hand, favors intermediate traits and reduces genetic variation.

Disruptive selection tends to increase genetic variation. This type of selection favors extreme traits on both ends of the spectrum, while selecting against intermediate traits. This results in a wider range of traits being present in a population, increasing genetic diversity. Stabilizing selection, on the other hand, favors intermediate traits and selects against extreme traits, resulting in decreased genetic variation over time.

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The first step in the scientific method is to ask questions. Option B is correct.

The scientific method is a systematic approach to scientific research that involves a series of steps designed to gather, analyze, and interpret data. The first step in this process is to ask questions or identify a problem that needs to be addressed. This step is critical because it helps to focus the research and guide the development of a hypothesis or research question.

Once a question or problem has been identified, the next step is to gather data through observations, experiments, or other means. The data is then analyzed and used to develop a hypothesis, which is a tentative explanation for the observed phenomenon. The hypothesis is then tested through further experimentation, and the results are analyzed to draw conclusions. Finally, the results are communicated to others through publications, presentations, or other means. Option B is correct.

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The lower sacrum and coccygeal spinal segments are affected by the congenital condition known as caudal agenesis, hence option A is correct.

Caudal agenesis, is observed, when continued production of presomitic mesoderm does not take place in the tailbud, severe spinal birth defects.

The definition is based on agenesis of the spinal bone, however a range of complicated anomalies, including abnormalities in the spinal cord, are also observed.

Caudal agenesis is a congenital disorder that impacts the lower sacrum and coccygeal spinal segments.

Caudal agenesis from severe spinal birth abnormalities can occur when the tailbud does not continue to produce presomitic mesoderm.

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Type I survivorship curves represent species with high survival rates and extensive parental care (e.g., humans), Type II curves represent species with constant mortality rates throughout life (e.g., robins), and Type III curves represent species with high mortality rates early in life and large numbers of offspring (e.g., oysters).

There are three main types of survivorship curves: Type I, Type II, and Type III.

1. Type I Survivorship Curve:
In a Type I curve, individuals have a high probability of surviving to old age. Mortality rates are low during early and middle life, and then increase rapidly as the individuals age. This type of curve is characteristic of species that provide extensive parental care, such as humans and many mammals.

Example: Humans have a Type I survivorship curve, as they usually receive extensive care from their parents during their early years, and most of them survive until old age.

2. Type II Survivorship Curve:
In a Type II curve, individuals have a constant probability of dying at any age. The mortality rate is relatively constant throughout the organism's life. This type of curve is typical of species that do not provide extensive parental care, such as birds and reptiles.

Example: Birds like robins have a Type II survivorship curve because their mortality rate remains relatively constant throughout their lives, and they do not provide extensive care for their young.

3. Type III Survivorship Curve:
In a Type III curve, individuals have a high probability of dying early in life, with a much lower probability of surviving to old age. This type of curve is characteristic of species that produce large numbers of offspring with little or no parental care, such as insects and some plants.

Example: Oysters have a Type III survivorship curve because they produce large numbers of offspring with minimal parental care, and many of them do not survive until adulthood.

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The statement "the opening, or os, of the cervix, dilates during delivery to about 4 inches (10 centimeters)" is true. The cervix must dilate to this extent to allow for the passage of the baby through the birth canal. The correct answer is A.

The statement "the upper two-thirds of the vagina is rich in nerve endings and very sensitive" is false. The upper two-thirds of the vagina have relatively few nerve endings and are less sensitive than the lower third, which contains the majority of the nerve endings.

The statement "At ovulation, the consistency of cervical mucus secretions is thick, gummy, and sticky" is false. At ovulation, the cervical mucus becomes thin, clear, and stretchy, which facilitates the passage of sperm through the cervix to the egg.

The statement "a fertilized egg implants in the myometrium of the uterus" is false. A fertilized egg implants in the endometrium of the uterus, which is the innermost layer of the uterine wall.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

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The best role of communication in scientific investigations is 1) Communication can help identify good scientific questions to further investigate.

Communication is a critical aspect of scientific investigations, and it plays several roles throughout the research process. One of the most important roles is to help identify good scientific questions to investigate. Scientists may communicate with each other to exchange ideas, discuss current research findings, and identify knowledge gaps that need to be addressed. This collaboration can lead to new research questions and hypotheses that may not have been considered otherwise.

Once the data are collected, communication is still necessary as scientists often collaborate to analyze the data and interpret the findings. Collaboration and communication can help ensure that the data are analyzed correctly and the findings are valid.

Overall, communication is important to help scientists convince other researchers that their results are valid.

Therefore, the option 1. Communication can help identify good scientific questions to further investigate is correct.

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A healthy individual's blood pressure is greater at the aorta than at the inferior vena cava.

This is because the aorta is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, while the inferior vena cava is a vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body back to the heart. Therefore, the aorta experiences higher pressure due to the heart's pumping action, while the inferior vena cava experiences lower pressure as it returns blood to the heart.

In healthy individuals, blood pressure (BP) is greater at the aorta than at the inferior vena cava. The aorta is the main and largest artery in the body, responsible for distributing oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Blood pressure is higher in the aorta because it directly receives blood from the left ventricle of the heart, which pumps blood under high pressure.

On the other hand, the inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body back to the right atrium of the heart. Blood pressure in veins, including the inferior vena cava, is generally lower than in arteries because veins transport blood back to the heart at a slower pace and under less pressure.

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The best question to guide a follow-up investigation about the role of pheromones in locating prey would be "How do pike determine that the fathead minnow pheromone is present in the water?". The correct answer is option A.

This question would allow researchers to explore the mechanisms by which pikes are able to detect the pheromone and use it to locate their prey.

It would also provide valuable information about the sensory systems of both pike and fathead minnows, which could be used to develop new methods for controlling invasive species or protecting endangered ones.

Questions (B), (C), and (D) are interesting but not directly related to the topic at hand.

Therefore the option which is correct is (A) How do pike determine that the fathead minnow pheromone is present in the water?

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Answer: A. Uncontrolled increase in human population

Explanation: Uncontrolled increase in human population is likely to have a negative environmental effect on future generations. The more people there are, the greater the demand for resources, such as food, water, and energy. This can lead to overconsumption, habitat destruction, and pollution. In addition, a larger population can also result in more waste and greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change.

Fusion between sperm and egg is mediated by a protein called Izumo1 on the sperm and Juno on the egg.

These proteins recognize and bind to each other, allowing the sperm to enter the egg and fertilize it. To explain this in more detail, Izumo1 is a transmembrane protein that is exposed on the surface of the sperm during the acrosome reaction, which allows the sperm to penetrate the protective layers around the egg. Juno is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein on the surface of the egg that recognizes Izumo1 and facilitates fusion. This interaction is essential for successful fertilization and early embryonic development.

Sperm-egg recognition and fusion are facilitated by interactions between these proteins and molecules, such as Izumo1 on the sperm and Juno on the egg. To explain further, these surface proteins enable the sperm to bind and fuse with the egg, initiating the fertilization process.

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Things made of atoms do you see in the video Both the blue ocean and the dolphin are comprised of molecules.

The smallest particle of a substance that has the potential to participate in a chemical reaction is the subject of the term "atom." Atoms make up every substance in the universe, as we are aware. The food we eat, the clothes we wear, and even the air we breathe all contain atoms.

Therefore, there are atoms everywhere in the universe. Additionally, living things are made up of a variety of atoms in varying proportions. Viewing the picture from our perspective, there is the blue ocean and there is a dolphin. Atoms makeup both the dolphin and the blue sea.

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Q-What things made of atoms do you see in the video?

Think about what you learned about atoms and elements so far in the unit and the information you already know.