Answer:
In creating the master budget, the second budget a company prepares is the production budget.
a. True
Explanation:
When a company prepares the master budget, it first prepares the sales budget, followed by the production budget. The production budget calculates the costs of materials, labor, and overhead based on the number of units to be manufactured within the budget period. The units of products are derived from the sales forecast and the planned amount of ending finished goods inventory.
The difference between total factory overhead cost incurred during a period and the total standard factory overhead cost assigned to production of the period is the:______________.
A) Flexible-budget variance.
B) Production-volume variance.
C) Total factory overhead variance.
D) Overhead efficiency variance.
E) Total overhead spending variance.
Answer: C. Total factory overhead variance
Explanation:
The difference between total factory overhead cost incurred during a period and the total standard factory overhead cost assigned to production of the period is the total factory overhead variance.
Flexible budget variance is the difference that occurs between the results that are gotten by the flexible budget model and the actual results gotten.
Production volume variance is the difference that occurs between the budgeted production volume for a particular company and the actual volume of goods produced.
The correct option is C.
Cutting flights and declaring bankruptcy are long-run decisions. What impact would you predict these actions would have on the airlines remaining in business?
Answer:
Follows are the solution to this question:
Explanation:
The declaration of bankruptcy as well as flight cutting reduces the amount for flights and also the flight sin operation leading to both a supply reduction. While the business continued, its other airlines will have an increased engagement and thus higher prices and will be seeing recovery for both the airline industry over an amount of time.
The following information pertains to Lightning Inc., at the end of December: Credit Sales $ 20,000 Accounts Payable 10,000 Accounts Receivable 12,900 Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts 400 credit Cash Sales 20,000 Lightning uses the aging method and estimates it will not collect 7% of accounts receivable not yet due, 15% of receivables up to 30 days past due, and 48% of receivables greater than 30 days past due. The accounts receivable balance of $12,900 consists of $10,000 not yet due, $1,600 up to 30 days past due, and $1,300 greater than 30 days past due. What is the appropriate amount of Bad Debt Expense
Answer:
$1,164
Explanation:
Calculation for the appropriate amount of Bad Debt Expense
Bad Debt Expense= (10,000 * 0.07) + (1,600 * 0.15) + (1,300 * 0.48) =
Bad Debt Expense=700+240+624
Bad Debt Expense=1,564 -400
Bad Debt Expense=$1,164
Therefore the appropriate amount of Bad Debt Expense will be $1,164
A semiannual coupon bond with face value of $1,000 has a coupon rate of 6% and matures in 16 years. The market-determined discount rate on this bond is 14%. What is the price of the bond?
Answer:
$1,125.30
Explanation:
The Price of the Bond is its Current/Trading price also known as the Present Value (PV). This is determined as follows :
Fv = $1,000
Pmt = $1,000 × 6% = $160
P/yr = 1
n = 16
i = 14%
PV = ?
Using the Financial calculator to enter the values as above, the Pv is $1,125.30.
Thus, the price of the bond is $1,125.30.
Clark Company estimated the net realizable value of its accounts receivable as of December 31, 2019, to be $167,000, based on an aging schedule of accounts receivable. Clark has also provided the following information: The accounts receivable balance on December 31, 2019 was $177,400. Uncollectible accounts receivable written off during 2019 totaled $12,200. The allowance for doubtful accounts balance on January 1, 2019 was $15,400. How much is Clark's 2019 bad debt expense
Answer: $7200
Explanation:
Clark's 2019 bad debt expense will be calculated thus:
Balance for allowance for doubtful accounts will be:
= $177400 - $167000
= $10400
The Uncollectible accounts written off will be:
= $15400 - $12200
= $3200
Clark's 2019 bad debt expense:
= $10400 - $3200
= $7200
Answer:
sry need to answer (points) :(
Explanation:
Which of the following is an example of internally caused behavior? An employee was laid off because the company was attempting to cut costs by laying off employees. An employee was late for a team meeting because of a heavy downpour. An employee could not come to work because he met with an accident. An employee could not attend an interview because of a delayed flight. An employee was fired from work because he violated a company policy.
Answer:
An employee was fired from work because he violated company policy
Explanation:
One of the factor that determine the behavior of people is the way the event arround them is interpreted. Those that can control things arround them usually take responsibility for what they do compare to set of people believing that situation arround them is beyond their control, which is explained in" attribution theory" by Fritz Heider. Internally caused behavior can be regarded as challenging behavioras a result of internal stimuli such as traits, pain and anxiety.
Out of the options given in the question only "An employee was fired from work because he violated a company policy" is an example of internally caused behavior, since the violation is on the path of the employee which is as a result of internal behavior known to him.
Suppose you won a $77,000 after-tax cash prize in the lottery. You want to start a new business that you think will lose money for a while, after which it will be up and running and bringing in big bucks. You plan to invest the funds immediately in securities that are expected to earn 8% per year. Suppose you would need only $19,000 per year during the start-up period. How long could you operate before you would require cash from the new business, i.e., how long could you receive payments of $19,000 per year? The first withdrawal will be made a year from today, and your answer will contain a fraction of a year.
Answer:
The right solution is "5.09 years".
Explanation:
The given values are:
Lottery amount
= $77,000
Withdrawal
= $19,000
Rate
= 8%
The number of withdrawal will be:
⇒ [tex]NPER(Rate,-withdrawal,lottery \ amount)[/tex]
On putting the values, we get
⇒ [tex]NPER(8 \ percent,-19000,77000)[/tex]
⇒ [tex]5.09 \ years[/tex]
paid to acquire , a weekly advertising paper. At the time of the acquisition, 's balance sheet reported total assets of and liabilities of . The fair market value of 's assets was . The fair market value of 's liabilities was . Read the requirementsLOADING.... Requirement 1. How much goodwill did purchase as part of the acquisition of ? Purchase price to acquire Mesa Herald Market value of Mesa Herald's assets Less: Market value of Mesa Herald's liabilities Less: Market value of Mesa Herald's net assets
Full question attached
Answer and Explanation:
A. Given that Thrifty Nickels Assets fair value and liabilities are given by $100000 and $70000 respectively(we do not use the book value in calculating goodwill here) and Acquisition value is $230000
Goodwill = purchase price -net assets
Since we know purchase price =$230000
We calculate net assets= total assets -total liabilities
Total assets =$100000
Total liabilities =$70000
Net assets=$100000-$70000=$30000
We substitute in goodwill formula
Goodwill=$230000-$30000=$200000
Therefore goodwill =$200000
B. We journalize entries for the acquisition in Deca's books as follows :
Debit Assets $100000
Debit Goodwill $200000
Credit liabilities $70000
Credit cash $230000
We debit assets since it received and increased by $100000,we debit goodwill since it also received and increased by $200000. We credit liabilities since it also increased by $70000 from the acquisition (liabilities accounts are credited). Cash was spent and therefore is credited since it reduced by $230000
Bronski Corporation manufactures two products, Simple and Complex. The following information was gathered: Simple Complex Selling price per unit $37.00 $26.00 Variable cost per unit $32.00 $22.00 Total fixed costs are $18,000. Assume demand for either product exceeds the factory's capacity. It takes one hour of production time to make Simple and two hours to make Complex. The annual capacity of the plant is 10,000 hours. How many units of Simple and Complex should Bronski Corporation produce and sell to maximize profits
Answer:
The answer is "Option A".
Explanation:
Please find the correct question and its solution file.
Jessica and Robert have two young children. They have $7,000 of qualified child care expenses and an AGI of $22,000 in 2019. What is their allowable child and dependent care credit considering their pre-credit tax liability
Answer:
$0
Explanation:
The computation of the their allowable child and dependent care credit is shown below:
In the case when the income is below $35,000 than full 35% would be allowed
But the qualified child expense would be limited to $6,000
So, here the amount would be
= $6,000 × 35%
= $1,860
Already there is a pre credit tax liability so $0 should be considered as it would not received any credit
If there was a 24% chance of having a contract signed to purchase a home in any one month and there were 55 homes on the market, what would be the probability that exactly 15 of them would have a contract signed during this month?
a. 10.3%
b. 24.0%
c. 66.7%
d. 23.0%
Answer:
a. 10.3%
Explanation:
P∝F of Binomial distribution is given as Pr.(x=x) = nCxP^x(1-p)^(n-x)
P = 0.24, n= 55, x =15 Note: C = Combination
Pr.(x = 15) = 55"C"15(0.24)^15(0.76)(55-15)
Pr.(x = 15) = 55"C"15(0.24)^15(0.76)^40
Pr.(x = 15) = 0.1026
Pr.(x = 15) = 10.26%
Pr.(x = 15) = 10.3%
The firm has just declared a dividend of $1.09 per share for the current fiscal year. The firm has earnings per share of $2.11, and 225,000 shares outstanding with a market price of $31.17 per share prior to the ex-dividend day. Ignore taxes. As a result of this dividend, the: A) the current dividend yield is 51.66% B) retained earnings will increase by $245,250. C) the current dividend payout ratio is 3.497% D) earnings per share will increase to $3.20. E) price-earnings ratio will be 14.26 ex-dividend.
Answer: E) price-earnings ratio will be 14.26 ex-dividend.
Explanation:
Stock prices generally decrease in price by the price of the dividend on ex-dividend date.
This means that this stock will reduce to:
= 31.17 - 1.09
= $30.08
Price to Earnings ratio = Stock price/ Earnings per share
= 30.08/2.11
= $14.26
Option E is correct.
Pauley Company needs to determine a markup for a new product. Pauley expects to sell 22,000 units and wants a target profit of $16 per unit. Additional information is as follows: Variable product cost per unit $ 18 Variable administrative cost per unit 13 Total fixed overhead 20,500 Total fixed administrative 36,700 Using the variable cost method, what markup percentage to variable cost should be used
Answer:
variable markup % = 60%
Explanation:
total units sold 22,000
total costs associated with selling the 22,000 units:
variable production costs $18 x 22,000 = $396,000
variable S&A costs $13 x 22,000 = $286,000
fixed overhead = $20,500
fixed S&A = $36,700
total costs = $739,200
total cost per unit = $33.60
selling price = $33.60 + $16 = $49.60
markup percentage = [(sales price - unit cost) / unit cost] x 100
the total markup % = [49.60 - 33.60) / 33.60] x 100 = 47.62%
but since we are going to calculate the markup percentage solely based on variable costs, then:
variable cost per unit = $31
selling price = $49.60
the variable markup % = [49.60 - 31) / 31] x 100 = 60%
A company has a pension liability of $460,000,000 that it must pay in 29 in years. If it can earn an annual interest rate of 4.2 percent, how much must it deposit today to fund this liability?
a. $133,883,255.09
b. $139,506.351.81
c. 44,08571.14
d. $11755.30770
e. $121423,867.90
Answer:
PV= $139,506,351.8
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Future Value= $460,000,0000
Number of periods= 29 years
Interest rate= 4.2%
To calculate the initial investment, we need to use the following formula:
PV= FV / (1+i)^n
PV= 460,000,000 / (1.042^29)
PV= $139,506,351.8
Bob has been investing $4,000 in stock at the end of every year for the past 8 years. If the account is currently worth $45,000, what was his annual return on this investment?a. 10.61%b. 10.91%c. 8.81%d. 9.55%e. 9.07%
Answer:
d. 9.55%
Explanation:
we can use the future value of an annuity formula to calculate Bob's annual return:
future value = annual contribution x FV annuity factor
future value = $45,000
annual contribution = $4,000
FV annuity factor = ?
FV annuity factor = future value / annual contribution = $45,000 / $4,000 = 11.25
FV annuity factor = [(1 + i)ⁿ - 1] / i
11.25 = [(1 + i)⁸ - 1] / i
11.25i = (1 + i)⁸ - 1
solving this problem is really complicated, but there is a much simple way to do it:
e) 11.25 x 0.0907 = (1 + 0.0907)⁸ - 1
1.020375 ≠ 1.0028
d) 11.25 x 0.0955 = (1 + 0.0955)⁸ - 1
1.0744 = 1.0744 ⇒ this option is correct
An investment offers $9,200 per year for 17 years, with the first payment occurring 1 year from now. Assume the required return is 12 percent. Requirement 1: What is the value of the investment today? (Enter rounded answer as directed, but do not use rounded numbers in intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places (e.g., 32.16).) Present value $ Requirement 2: What would the value be if the payments occurred for 42 years? (Enter rounded answer as directed, but do not use rounded numbers in intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places (e.g., 32.16).) Present value $ Requirement 3: What would the value be if the payments occurred for 77 years? (Enter rounded answer as directed, but do not use rounded numbers in intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places (e.g., 32.16).) Present value $ Requirement 4: What would the value be if the payments occurred forever? (Enter rounded answer as directed, but do not use rounded numbers in intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places (e.g., 32.16).) Present value $
Answer:
1.
Present value = $65500.60053 rounded off to $65500.60
2.
Present value = $76009.84174 rounded off to $76009.84
3.
Present value = $76654.22671 rounded off to $76654.23
4.
PV of perpetuity = $76666.66667 rounded off to $76666.67
Explanation:
The payments from the investment can be classified as being an ordinary annuity as the payments made by the investment offer are of constant amount and occur at the end of the period, occur after equal intervals of time and are for a defined and finite time period except for the payments made in case of requirement 4. The formula to calculate the present value of annuity that will be used in requirement 1, 2 and 3 is attached.
1.
Present value = 9200 * [(1 - (1 + 0.12)^-17) / 0.12]
Present value = $65500.60053 rounded off to $65500.60
2.
Present value = 9200 * [(1 - (1 + 0.12)^-42) / 0.12]
Present value = $76009.84174 rounded off to $76009.84
3.
Present value = 9200 * [(1 - (1 + 0.12)^-77) / 0.12]
Present value = $76654.22671 rounded off to $76654.23
4.
If the payments occur for an infinite period of time, they can be classified as a perpetuity.
The formula to calculate the present value of perpetuity is as follows,
PV of perpetuity = Cash Flow / r
Where,
r is the required rate of return or discount rate
PV of perpetuity = 9200 / 0.12
PV of perpetuity = $76666.66667 rounded off to $76666.67
Alfarsi Industries uses the net present value method to make investment decisions and requires a 15% annual return on all investments. The company is considering two different investments. Each require an initial investment of $15,600 and will produce cash flows as follows: End of Year Investment A B 1 $ 8,600 $ 0 2 8,600 0 3 8,600 25,800 The present value factors of $1 each year at 15% are: 1 0.8696 2 0.7561 3 0.6575 The present value of an annuity of $1 for 3 years at 15% is 2.2832 The net present value of Investment B is:
Answer:
Net present value $1,363.50
Explanation:
The computation of the net present value of B is shown below:
Year Cash flows PVIFA factor at 15% Present value
0 -$15,600 1 -$15,600
1 0 0.8696 0
2 0 0.7561 0
3 25,800 0.6575 $16,963.50
Net present value $1,363.50
During 20x1, Orca Corp. decided to change from the FIFO method of inventory valuation to the weighted-average method. Inventory balances under each method were as follows:________.
FIFO Weighted-average
January 1, 20x1 $71,000 $77,000
December 31, 20x1 $79,000 $83,000
Orca's income tax rate is 30%.
In its 2005 financial statements, what amount should Orca report as the cumulative effect of this accounting change?
a) $2,800
b) $4,000
c) $4,200
d) $6,000
Answer:
Orca Corp.
The cumulative effect of this accounting change in estimate is:
That the cost of goods sold will be reduced by:
b) $4,000
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
FIFO Weighted-average Difference
January 1, 20x1 $71,000 $77,000 $6,000
December 31, 20x1 $79,000 $83,000 $4,000
Orca's income tax rate is 30%.
Note that the difference in the cost of the beginning inventory does not have any effect in the current period's financials. It was an estimate that was done previously and Orca does not need to restate its financials for the previous year because of the change. The accounting change only affects the current period.
As a result of a thorough physical inventory, Coronado Company determined that it had inventory worth $321000 at December 31, 2020. This count did not take into consideration the following facts: Walker Consignment currently has goods worth $46300 on its sales floor that belong to Coronado but are being sold on consignment by Walker. The selling price of these goods is $75000. Coronado purchased $21100 of goods that were shipped on December 27, FOB destination, that will be received by Coronado on January 3. Determine the correct amount of inventory that Coronado should report.
Answer:
The correct cost of inventory that Coronado should report is $367300
Explanation:
The goods sent on consignment still belong to the consignor until they are sold off by the consignee. So, the consignor should add the unsold consignment goods in its inventory. Thus we will add the cost of goods sent on consignment to the value of inventory.
Value of inventory = 321000 + 46300 = $367300
The goods purchased by Coronado on 27 December with FOB destination should not be added to the cost of inventory as with FOB destination terms, the goods do not belong to the buyer until they are delivered to their destination by the seller.
Thus, the correct cost of inventory that Coronado should report is $367300
The number of compounding periods in one year is called compounding frequency. The compounding frequency affects both the present and future values of cash flows. An investor can invest money with a particular bank and earn a stated interest rate of 4.40%; however, interest will be compounded quarterly. What are the nominal, periodic, and effective interest rates for this investment opportunity?
Interest Rates
Nominal rate 4.40%
Periodic rate 1.10%
Effective annual rate 4.47%
Rahul needs a loan and is speaking to several lending agencies about the interest rates they would charge and the terms they offer. He particularly likes his local bank because he is being offered a nominal rate of 4%. But the bank is compounding daily. What is the effective interest rate that Rahul would pay for the loan?
a. 4.081%
b. 4.202%
c. 3.959%
d. 4.395%
Another bank is also offering favorable terms, so Rahul decides to take a loan of $22,000 from this bank. He signs the loan contract at 9% compounded daily for nine months. Based on a 365-day year, what is the total amount that Rahul owes the bank at the end of the loan's term? (Hint: To calculate the number of days, divide the number of months by 12 and multiply by 365.)
a. $24,477.81
b. $24,948.54
c. $23,536.36
d. $24,007.09
Answer:
1. a. 4.081%
2. c. $23,536.36
Explanation:
1. Periodic rate=(4.4%/4) = 1.1%
EAR=(1+APR/m)^m-1
where m=compounding periods
= (1+0.044/4)^4-1
= 1.011^4 - 1
= 1.04473133864 - 1
= 0.04473133864
= 4.47%
EAR=(1+APR/m)^m-1
where m=compounding periods
=(1+0.04/365)^365-1
= (1+0.00010958904)^365 - 1
= 1.00010958904^365 - 1
= 1.04080849272 - 1
= 0.04080849272
= 4.081%
2. A=P(1+r/365)^365*n
where A=future value, P=present value, r=rate of interest, n=time period.
= 22000*(1+9%/365)^(9/12*365)
= $23,536.36
CDB stock is currently priced at $85. The company will pay a dividend of $5.69 next year and investors require a return of 11.6 percent on similar stocks. What is the dividend growth rate on this stock?
Answer:
4.91%
Explanation:
CDB stock is currently priced at $85
The company will pay a dividend of $5.69
The required return is 11.6%
There for the dividend growth rate on this stock can be calculated as follows
11.6/100= (5.69/85) + growth rate
0.116= 0.0669 + growth rate
0.116 - 0.0669 = growth rate
0.0491 × 100 = growth rate
Growth rate = 4.91%
Forrester Company is considering buying new equipment that would increase monthly fixed costs from $425,000 to $445,500 and would decrease the current variable costs of $60 by $15 per unit. The selling price of $100 is not expected to change. Forrester's current break-even sales are $1,140,000 and current break-even units are 11,400. If Forrester purchases this new equipment, the revised break-even point in dollars would be:
Answer:
Break-even point (dollars)= $810,000
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Fixed costs= $445,500
Unitary variable cost= $45
Selling price= $100
To calculate the break-even point in dollars, we need to use the following formula:
Break-even point (dollars)= fixed costs/ contribution margin ratio
Break-even point (dollars)= 445,500 / [(100 - 45) / 100]
Break-even point (dollars)= $810,000
Ford Motor Company has issued 8% convertible debentures, convertible at a 25:1 ratio. Currently the debenture is trading at 110. The stock is trading at 38. What is the conversion price of the stock
Answer:
40
Explanation:
Calculation for the conversion price
Based on the information given we were told that the company's convertible ratio is 25:1 which simply means that 1,000 par will be divided by the covertible ratio .
Hence,
Conversion price of the stock = 1,000/25
Conversion price of the stock = 40
Therefore the Conversion price of the stock will be 40
Lake Sales had $2,200,000 in sales last month. The contribution margin ratio was 30% and operating profits were $180,000. What is Lake's break-even sales volume
Answer:
$1,600,000
Explanation:
Sales
$2,200,000
Contribution margin ratio
30%
$660,000
Sales $2,200,000
Contribution margin $660,000
Operating profit $180,000
Fixed cost = Contribution margin - Operating profit
= $660,000 - $180,000
= $480,000
Break even sales = Fixed cost / Contribution margin ratio
= $480,000 / 30%
= $1,600,000
Therefore, Lake's break even sales volume is $1,600,000
Lambda Computer Products competed for and won a contract to produce two prototype units of a new type of computer that is based on laser optics rather than on electronic binary bits. The first unit produced by Lambda took 5,000 hours to produce and required $250,000 worth of material, equipment usage, and supplies. The second unit took 4,250 hours and used $237,500 worth of materials, equipment usage, and supplies. Labor is $20 per hour. Use Exhibit 6.5. a. Lambda was asked to present a bid for 10 additional units as soon as the second unit was completed. Production would start immediately. What would this bid be
Answer:
$2,731,672.50
Explanation:
first unit produced by lambda took 5,000 hours to produce and required $250,000 worth of material, equipment usage, and supplies
the second unit took 4,250 hours and used $238,500 worth of materials, equipment usage, and supplies
learning rate = time needed to produce second unit / time needed to produce first unit = 4,250 hours / 5,000 hours = 85%
materials and equipment usage rate = $237,500 / $250,000 = 95%
using the attached table of cumulative values, we can determine the cumulative improvement factors needed to solve this question:
Lambda's accumulated cost for producing 10 more computers
work hours = 4,250 x 7.116 (85% and 10 units) x $20 per hour = $604,860materials and equipment = $238,500 x 8.955 (95% and 10 units) = $2,126,812.50total = $604,860 + $2,126,812.50 = $2,731,672.50suppose you want to open a shoe company sugges names for this
Answer:
New Kick
Boundless
Brave Sole
Laced
The primary focus for financial accounting information is to provide information useful for: Investing decisions Credit decisions a. Yes Yes b. Yes No c. No Yes d. No
Answer:
a. Yes yes
Explanation:
The primary focus for financial accounting information is to provide useful information to investors for decision making. This is to enable both present and potential investors have prior knowledge and state of affairs of the company or business they want to spend their money on.
However, in the long run, the focus for financial accounting would also include providing useful information for credit decisions. The aforementioned would only occur if a company is able to generate profit hence providing rate of returns to their investors.
Answer:
MAYBE
Explanation:
yes + no = maybe
For an effective frame, the primary business message should be approximately ______ words in length.
Answer:
10 to 15
Explanation:
Business messaging in accounting can be described as a set of channels that provide means by which the firms/ company and the consumer can have effective communication.
The primary business message is very essential in business, it must reflect clarity as well as simplicity, it enables company to pass their overarching information to the consumer, they are intentional content. In a situation whereby operations in a company needed relocation, primary message is passed. It should be noted that For an effective frame, the primary business message should be approximately 10 to 15 words in length.
Hello!
For an effective frame, the primary business message should be approximately 10 to 15 words in length.
"Should Dillard's keep its excellent department store credit card program? ______ Yes ______ No" is an example of _____.
Answer:
The answer is "making assumptions"
Explanation:
The making assumption is determined if it can't be provided to claim which is not confirmed unless the argument is one, which you or the writer could show if they tried, users must decide. It requires as a considering as thinks about both the subject so on that basis evaluating the statement.
It is the one way the mind saves power becomes to find patterns in how the environment functions, that draw from our previous history. It adopts such trends, or beliefs, to the current world when we experience new circumstances. Its approach saves us the power to evaluate the condition entirely fresh.4. Give two reasons why GDP is often not seen as the best measure of living standards.
Answer:
Different factors account to it.
Explanation:
Because many factors that contribute to people's happiness are not bought and sold, GDP is a limited tool for measuring standard of living. To understand it's limitations better, let's take a look at several factors that are not accounted for in GDP.
GDP does not account for leisure time. The US GDP per capita is larger than the GDP per capita of Germany, but does this prove that the standard of living in the United States is higher? Not necessarily since it is also true that the average US worker works several hundred hours more per year more than the average German worker. The calculation of GDP does not take German workers extra weeks of vacation into account.
GDP includes what is spent on environmental protection, healthcare, and education, but it does not include actual levels of environmental cleanliness, health, and learning. GDP includes the cost of buying pollution-control equipment, but it does not address whether the air and water are actually cleaner or dirtier. GDP includes spending on medical care, but it does not address whether life expectancy or infant mortality have risen or fallen. Similarly, GDP counts spending on education, but it does not address directly how much of the population can read, write, or do basic mathematics.