How do individual differences variables differ from manipulated independent variables, and why does this difference make it difficult to draw causal inferences on the basis of the natural groups design?

Research indicates that sensorineural hearing loss is usually caused by exposure to loud noise, which can damage the hair cells in the inner ear.

Other causes of sensorineural hearing loss may include aging, genetic factors, infections, head trauma, and certain medications.Sensorineural hearing loss is usually caused by damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve. This damage can be the result of aging, exposure to loud noise, genetic factors, head trauma, certain medications, infections, or diseases such as Meniere's disease. Age-related hearing loss, also known as presbycusis, is one of the most common causes of sensorineural hearing loss, and it typically affects both ears equally. Exposure to loud noise, either over a long period of time or as a sudden loud sound, can also cause sensorineural hearing loss.

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According to the expectancy theory, compensation systems differ based on their impact on the components of motivation; the main influence of compensation is on an individual's performance outcomes.

In expectancy theory, motivation consists of three key components: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

Expectancy refers to an individual's belief that their effort will lead to a specific level of performance.

Instrumentality is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards or outcomes. Valence is the value placed on the reward or outcome by the individual.

Compensation systems can influence these components by aligning rewards with desired performance levels, ensuring a clear connection between effort, performance, and rewards.

By designing effective compensation systems, organizations can motivate employees to perform at their best and achieve desired outcomes.

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The theory that provides the most complete explanation for H.M.'s temporally graded amnesia is the standard consolidation theory of memory.  Therefore the correct option is option B.

This hypothesis proposes that short-term memories are initially stored in the hippocampus and gradually moved to other parts of the brain for long-term storage.

Synaptic consolidation is expected to take place in the initial few hours following learning, and systems consolidation is thought to take place over a longer period of time and entail the reorganisation of neuronal networks in the brain.

H.M. was unable to create new long-term memories because of damage to his hippocampus, which is essential for the initial storing of memories.

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True. Johann Sebastian Bach was born into a family of musicians in Eisenach, Germany, in 1685. His family was deeply religious and belonged to the Lutheran church, but he was exposed to Catholic music and traditions through his work as a court musician in Weimar and his interactions with Catholic musicians.

Johann Sebastian Bach was born into a Lutheran family in Eisenach, Germany, in 1685. However, during his time as a court musician in Weimar, he married his cousin Maria Barbara Bach, who was a devout Catholic. Bach himself later converted to Catholicism and raised his children as Catholics. This caused some tension in his professional life, as he worked for Lutheran churches and rulers who did not appreciate his association with the Catholic faith. Nevertheless, Bach remained a devout Christian throughout his life and his religious beliefs were reflected in his music.

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The term "decriminalization" refers to the act of reducing or eliminating criminal penalties for certain behaviors or activities, such as the possession of small quantities of marijuana.

Therefore, the term "decriminalization" is an appropriate and accurate term to describe the changes in the legal status of marijuana possession that have occurred in some states.

However, it is worth noting that the term "decriminalization" can sometimes be confused with "legalization," which refers to a more complete removal of legal penalties and restrictions on marijuana possession and use. In states that have decriminalized marijuana possession, individuals may still face civil penalties, such as fines, for possessing small amounts of marijuana.

Therefore, depending on the context in which the term is being used, it may be more appropriate to use a more specific term, such as "partial decriminalization" or "civil penalty decriminalization," to clarify the specific legal changes that have occurred in relation to marijuana possession.

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Despite a decreased average turnout in the midterm elections, those that are more likely to vote had a stronger impact on the outcomes of the congressional elections during this time.

Since the 17th century, elections have been the primary means of establishing representative democracy in modern times. Positions in the legislative, executive, judicial, and sporadically regional and municipal branches of government may be filled by elections. Numerous other private and corporate organisations, such as clubs, NGOs, and companies, also follow this procedure.

The widespread use of elections as a method of selecting representatives in contemporary representative democracies contrasts with the practice in the democratic archetype of ancient Athens, where sortition, also known as allotment, was used to fill the majority of political positions and elections were viewed as an oligarchic institution.

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The correct question is:

based on the information in the graph, which of the following statements is true about congressional elections over this period?

True. A focus on the family is crucial in promoting the health of individuals and the health of the community. Families are the foundation of a society and have a significant impact on the physical, emotional, and mental well-being of individuals.

Strong and supportive family relationships help individuals to feel secure, loved, and valued. This, in turn, can positively affect their self-esteem, relationships with others, and overall health. Additionally, healthy family relationships can promote positive behaviors such as exercise, healthy eating, and stress management, which can have a significant impact on an individual's physical health. Furthermore, strong family relationships can lead to a stronger sense of community and social connection, which has been linked to positive health outcomes. Overall, investing in family relationships and promoting healthy family dynamics can have significant benefits for the health of individuals and communities.

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One person who has had a significant role in the civil rights movement is Martin Luther King Jr. His leadership and tireless efforts in the movement were instrumental in the advancement of civil rights in the United States.

He is most notably known for his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech delivered during the March on Washington in 1963. King's peaceful approach to activism and his dedication to nonviolent protest have inspired countless people to stand up for their rights and fight against discrimination. Another person who has made a significant impact on the movement is Rosa Parks. She is known for her courageous act of refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus to a white person in 1955. Her act of defiance sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which lasted for over a year and ultimately led to the desegregation of public transportation in Montgomery. Parks' bravery and commitment to equality have inspired many to stand up against discrimination and fight for their rights. Overall, both Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks have played crucial roles in the civil rights movement and have left lasting legacies that continue to inspire people to fight for equality and justice.

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As representatives of their respective districts and states, members of Congress are responsible for advocating for the needs and interests of their constituents.

This can involve meeting with local officials and community leaders, holding town hall meetings, and staying informed about the issues and concerns facing their districts. They may also receive input from stakeholders, such as interest groups, advocacy organizations.

However, members of Congress are also expected to consider the needs and interests of the country as a whole. This requires them to be knowledgeable about national issues and trends, and to consider the potential impact of their actions on other parts of the country.

They may review data and research on issues such as the economy, public health, and national security, and consult with experts in relevant fields to inform their decision-making.

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Reception and integration counseling is an important aspect of the initial counseling process that takes place when a new person joins an organization or unit.

The purpose of reception and integration counseling is to provide the person with the information, resources, and support they need to be successful in their new role. Here are some areas that might be covered in a reception and integration counseling session:

Introduction: Introduce yourself and the person to each other, and explain the purpose of the counseling session.

Organizational structure: Explain the structure of the organization, including the chain of command, reporting procedures, and the roles and responsibilities of key personnel.

Policies and procedures: Explain the organization's policies and procedures, including those related to safety, security, and ethics.

Resources: Provide information about the resources available to theperson, such as training programs, equipment, and support services.

Performance expectations: Discuss the performance expectations for the person's role, including any specific goals or objectives they are expected to achieve.

Communication: Discuss the importance of effective communication within the organization, and provide guidance on how to communicate with supervisors, colleagues, and subordinates.

Career development: Discuss the person's career goals and aspirations, and provide guidance on how they can develop their skills and knowledge to achieve their goals.

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The type of activity that is more closely associated with projects rather than processes is an activity that establishes its own work rules. The correct option is D.

Projects are unique and temporary endeavors that are designed to achieve a specific goal. They require a set of tasks to be completed within a defined timeline, and they often involve cross-functional teams that work together to achieve a common objective. In order to ensure the success of the project, it is essential to establish a set of rules and guidelines that govern how the work will be carried out. These rules can include things like communication protocols, quality standards, and risk management procedures.

In contrast, processes are ongoing and repetitive activities that are designed to achieve a consistent outcome. They are usually performed by a single department or team and are part of the daily operations of an organization. Processes are often governed by established procedures and guidelines that have been refined over time to optimize efficiency and effectiveness.

Therefore, an activity that establishes its own work rules is more closely associated with projects because it is a unique and temporary endeavor that requires a specific set of guidelines to ensure its success. While ongoing and day-to-day activities are more closely associated with processes, they can also be part of a project if they are required to achieve the project's objectives. Similarly, an activity that uses existing systems may be part of a project or a process depending on the context in which it is being carried out.

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Mass media has a powerful influence on individual behavior. It can guide behavior by shaping an individual's perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs.

Through advertising, news coverage, and entertainment programming, mass media can present certain behaviors and choices as desirable, normal, or necessary. For example, advertising can influence consumer behavior by promoting certain products or services as essential for a comfortable and happy life. News coverage can guide behavior by shaping perceptions of events and issues, highlighting certain perspectives and downplaying others. Entertainment programming can shape behavior by presenting certain lifestyles and values as desirable and aspirational. In addition to shaping perceptions and attitudes, mass media can also provide information and resources that guide behavior.

For instance, public service announcements can promote healthy behaviors such as exercise, healthy eating, and safe sex. Overall, the mass media has the power to shape and guide behavior in a variety of ways, both explicit and implicit. Individuals should be aware of this influence and strive to critically evaluate the information and messages they receive from the media.

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According to postmodern criminologists, no single criminological theory can provide a comprehensive description of criminal behavior. Postmodernism rejects the idea of a single objective truth and instead emphasizes the importance of subjectivity, diversity, and difference.

Postmodern criminologists argue that criminal behavior is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that cannot be fully explained by any one theory or perspective.

Postmodern criminologists also critique traditional criminological theories for their tendency to ignore or marginalize the experiences and perspectives of marginalized groups, such as women, people of color, and LGBTQ+ individuals. They argue that these theories are often based on a narrow and privileged understanding of crime and justice, and that they fail to account for the ways in which power, inequality, and social construction shape criminal behavior and responses to crime.

Instead, postmodern criminologists advocate for an approach that is more inclusive, reflexive, and context-sensitive. They emphasize the importance of understanding the diverse perspectives and experiences of individuals and communities affected by crime, and they seek to challenge dominant discourses and power structures that perpetuate inequality and injustice. Overall, postmodern criminology is characterized by its rejection of simplistic, reductionist explanations of criminal behavior and its commitment to embracing complexity, diversity, and difference.

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The five memory systems that have been proposed are sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory, procedural memory, and working memory. These memory systems work together to help us navigate and interact with the world around us.

Sensory memory briefly holds information from our senses, such as sight, sound, and touch. It acts as a buffer for stimuli received through the senses and lasts only a fraction of a second to a few seconds.Short-term memory, also known as active memory, stores a limited amount of information for a short period, usually between 20-30 seconds. This memory system allows us to hold onto and process information temporarily, such as recalling a phone number or a sentence we just read.Long-term memory is responsible for storing information over extended periods, from days to years. It has a virtually unlimited capacity and is essential for retaining knowledge, experiences, and skills.Procedural memory is a type of long-term memory that enables us to learn and execute motor skills, habits, and routines. This memory system is crucial for tasks like riding a bike, typing, or playing a musical instrument.Working memory, an extension of short-term memory, is responsible for processing, storing, and manipulating information simultaneously. It allows us to hold and use multiple pieces of information for tasks such as problem-solving, reasoning, and comprehension.

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Based on the survey conducted, out of the 1200 adult Americans sampled, 39% supported spending additional money to send humans to Mars despite the huge national deficit.

The four volunteers are part of a 12-month project to get people ready for visiting Mars. When humans eventually land on Mars, they will do so in a habitat that replicates the circumstances there. The search for life, studying the surface and the planet's evolution, and laying the groundwork for future human exploration are the three main scientific justifications for traveling to Mars. One of the most important questions for civilization is if there is life outside of Earth. There have been long-term suggestions like sending settlers and terraforming the planet. Various organizations, including NASA, Russia, Boeing, and SpaceX, have proposed sending people to Mars. Only robotic rovers and landers have visited Mars as of 2023. The Moon is where humanity has traveled the farthest from Earth.

This indicates that a minority of the respondents in this simple random sample are in favor of prioritizing Mars exploration in the current financial situation.

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The terms mentioned in the question refer to the behavior of great snipes during their mating rituals.

When the dominant male is removed from the lek (an area where males gather to attract females), the subordinate males abandon the lek. However, when a subordinate male is removed from the lek, the remaining subordinates rearrange themselves around the dominant male. This behavior agrees with the social hierarchy and competition for mating opportunities among great snipes. The dominant male holds a position of power and control over the lek and the subordinate males, while the subordinate males must rely on their position within the hierarchy to attract mates.

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Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were able to rise in prominence and become strong trading centers due to a variety of factors. Firstly, their geographical location played a significant role in their success as they were situated at the crossroads of important trade routes.

Ghana, for example, was located near the trans-Saharan trade route, which enabled it to control the trade of gold and salt. This strategic location allowed the kingdoms to become hubs of commerce and to gain wealth through trade.

Moreover, the kingdoms were able to establish stable and secure political structures that facilitated trade. For instance, the Malian Empire under the rule of Mansa Musa established a centralized government and a network of administrators who were responsible for maintaining law and order throughout the kingdom. This helped to create a safe environment for traders and merchants to conduct their business, leading to an increase in trade.

In addition, the kingdoms were able to develop a strong economy by investing in agriculture, mining, and crafts. This allowed them to produce goods that were in high demand both locally and internationally, and to trade these goods for other valuable commodities. The Songhai Empire, for example, was renowned for its production of textiles, leather goods, and metalwork.

Overall, the rise of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai as prominent trading centers can be attributed to their favorable geographical location, stable political structures, and strong economies. These factors allowed the kingdoms to prosper and become centers of trade and commerce in the region.

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Incest refers to sexual relations between family members who are too closely related to each other. This act is considered to be a symptom of a disturbed family system where appropriate boundaries are not established and respected. The given statement is true.

Incestuous relationships can be a result of factors such as emotional, physical or sexual abuse within the family, lack of communication, neglect or dysfunctional family dynamics.

Therefore, it is accurate to say that incest is a symptom of a disturbed family system.
Incest is indeed a symptom of a disturbed family system, as it involves sexual relationships between close family members, which is a violation of social and family norms. Such behavior often arises from dysfunctional family dynamics, including poor communication, lack of boundaries, or a history of abuse or trauma.
Therefore, incest is an indicator of a disturbed family system, reflecting underlying issues that need to be addressed through therapy or intervention.

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Schizophrenia is a psychotic condition characterized by disturbances of language and communication, thought, perception, affect, and behavior. These disturbances can significantly impair an individual's ability to function in daily life and maintain social relationships.

The disorder usually lasts longer than six months and may persist for many years if not treated properly. In terms of communication, individuals with schizophrenia often struggle with coherent speech, making it difficult for them to convey their thoughts and emotions effectively. They may also have disorganized thoughts and exhibit bizarre behaviors, which further complicates their interactions with others. Perception is also affected in schizophrenia, as those who suffer from the condition may experience hallucinations or delusions. These altered perceptions can contribute to feelings of paranoia or detachment from reality, making it challenging for them to engage with their environment and others. Affect, or the expression of emotions, is often disrupted in schizophrenia as well. Individuals may display inappropriate emotional responses or exhibit a flattened affect, making it difficult for others to understand and connect with them emotionally. Lastly, behavior is also impacted by this psychotic condition. People with schizophrenia may have difficulty completing tasks or following through with daily responsibilities. They may also exhibit disorganized or unpredictable actions, which can be confusing and concerning to those around them. In summary, schizophrenia is a psychotic condition that affects language and communication, thought, perception, affect, and behavior. It is a long-lasting disorder that requires ongoing treatment and support to manage its symptoms effectively.

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The idea that difference in how men and women communicate is due to gender-based inequalities in the larger society is called the dominance model.

The dominance model refers to a social hierarchy or power structure in which one individual or group dominates and controls others. This model is often associated with authoritarian or dictatorial forms of government, in which a single individual or group holds absolute power over the rest of society.

In the context of social relations, the dominance model is characterized by a lack of equality, fairness, and respect for individual autonomy. Those who hold power are able to exercise control over others and often use coercion, force, or manipulation to maintain their position of dominance. This can result in a range of negative outcomes, such as exploitation, oppression, and marginalization of those who are subjected to the dominance of others.

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Rating an NCO's fears, inner feelings, enthusiasm, and overall confidence falls into the NCO Responsibility block. NCOs are responsible for leading and guiding their subordinates, and their confidence and enthusiasm play a critical role in motivating and inspiring their teams. Additionally, NCOs must be aware of and manage their fears and inner feelings to effectively carry out their duties and responsibilities. Ultimately, the ability to balance these factors is a key indicator of a successful and effective NCO.

Does rating an NCO's fears, inner feelings, enthusiasm, and overall confidence fall into which values or NCO responsibility block?

The answer is:

This falls under the "Emotional Intelligence" block within the Values/NCO Responsibility framework. Emotional intelligence involves understanding and managing one's own emotions as well as being able to recognize and respond to the emotions of others. In this block, NCOs are evaluated on their ability to handle their fears, inner feelings, enthusiasm, and overall confidence, which are crucial aspects of being an effective leader and taking responsibility in their role.

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According to the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program, the second most violent crime in the group includes murder, robbery, and aggravated assault is robbery.

Robbery is defined as taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear. It is considered a violent crime because it involves the use of force or violence, or the threat of it, to commit the offense. Robbery can be a traumatic experience for victims, and it is important for law enforcement agencies to work to prevent and solve these crimes.

In 2019, the UCR Program reported that there were over 267,000 robberies committed in the United States. While this is a decrease from previous years, it is still a significant number and highlights the need for continued efforts to reduce violent crime in our communities.

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The Know-Nothing Party primarily drew support away from the Whig Party during the 1850s, contributing to its eventual dissolution and paving the way for the rise of the Republican Party.

The Know-Nothing Party, formally known as the American Party, emerged in the United States during the 1850s as a response to increasing immigration and the perceived threat to American values and culture. This party primarily drew support away from the Whig Party.

The Whig Party, one of the two dominant political parties of the time alongside the Democrats, had been facing internal divisions over issues like slavery and economic policies. The Know-Nothing Party capitalized on these divisions by presenting a more focused agenda centered around nativism, anti-Catholic sentiment, and opposition to immigration. The Know-Nothing Party's strong stance on these issues attracted many former Whig voters who were frustrated with the party's lack of clear direction.

As a result, the Whig Party gradually weakened and eventually dissolved. Many of its members either joined the Know-Nothing Party or the newly emerging Republican Party, which took a strong stand against the expansion of slavery. The Know-Nothing Party's impact was short-lived, however, as the party's divisive and exclusionary rhetoric limited its appeal, and it failed to gain significant traction in the long run.

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The correct answer is D) splitting. Splitting is a psychological defense mechanism in which a person sees things as either all good or all bad, with no in-between.

It is a common symptom of borderline personality disorder (BPD), but can also be present in other mental health conditions such as bipolar disorder and narcissistic personality disorder. In the case of Jennifer, her therapist has observed that she has a tendency to see people, situations, or things in black and white terms - either as entirely good or entirely bad. This type of thinking can lead to difficulties in interpersonal relationships, as well as emotional instability and distress. Therapy for individuals with BPD often focuses on addressing and challenging splitting, with the goal of helping individuals to recognize and tolerate more nuanced and complex emotions and experiences. Techniques such as dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can be effective in helping individuals with BPD learn to manage their emotions and improve their relationships.

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Control zones are essential for managing a scene effectively during an incident. There are typically three primary zones established at an incident: the Hot Zone, Warm Zone, and Cold Zone.

The Hot Zone is the area closest to the source of the incident, where hazards are most likely present or imminent. This zone contains the highest level of risk and requires proper protective equipment for those entering. Personnel operating in the Hot Zone should be trained and prepared to handle dangerous situations.

The Warm Zone is the intermediate area between the Hot Zone and the Cold Zone. It acts as a buffer, allowing for the decontamination of personnel, equipment, and resources moving from the Hot Zone before entering the Cold Zone. It is crucial for maintaining the safety and organization of an incident response.

The Cold Zone is the area farthest from the incident, typically used for support functions, such as command and control, logistics, medical support, and staging areas for resources. The Cold Zone is considered a safe area, as it is least likely to be affected by hazards associated with the incident.

Establishing these zones at an incident ensures that responders can effectively manage the scene and maintain safety while performing necessary tasks. The clear demarcation of zones helps prevent unauthorized personnel from entering dangerous areas and allows for efficient communication and coordination among responders.

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When mining costs are taken into account, the economically valuable elements on the asteroid Ryugu are predicted to be worth a total of 82.76 billion US dollars, with a profit of 30.08 billion US dollars.

According to the 2015 US Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act, "A US citizen engaged in commercial recovery of an asteroid resource or a space resource shall be entitled to any asteroid resource or space resource obtained." This law grants US space companies the right to possess, retain, use, and market the loot.

According to a recent NASA report, the belt of asteroids between Mars and Jupiter contains material resources worth nearly $100 billion for each person on Earth. mining each asteroid's rich metals and succeeding.

Thus, When mining costs are taken into account, the economically valuable elements on the asteroid Ryugu.

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Therefore, it is true that widespread unemployment and massive nationwide consumer debt are examples of public issues, as they have significant impacts on the society and economy and require collective efforts to address them.

Widespread unemployment and massive nationwide consumer debt are indeed examples of public issues. A public issue refers to a societal problem that affects a large number of people and is beyond the control of an individual.
Unemployment is a major concern for any economy, as it affects not only the individuals who are jobless but also their families and the wider community. High unemployment rates also lead to reduced economic growth, decreased consumer spending, and increased government spending on welfare programs. Consumer debt, on the other hand, refers to the amount of money that individuals owe to lenders such as credit card companies, banks, and other financial institutions. When consumer debt is high, it can lead to a decrease in spending, which can ultimately affect the entire economy.

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Tertiary care involves specialized medical attention and interventions that are designed to manage or treat complex, ongoing health conditions.

This level of care is typically provided by specialists and can include a range of services, such as surgery, intensive care, and long-term rehabilitation. In the case of teaching specific skills like problem-solving, decision-making, assertiveness, meditation, and relaxation, this would fall under the category of tertiary care because it involves specialized interventions designed to manage ongoing mental health conditions or other related issues. These skills may be taught in a therapeutic setting, such as individual or group therapy, or as part of a comprehensive treatment program for individuals with specific mental health diagnoses. The goal of this type of care is to help individuals develop the skills and resources they need to manage their condition and improve their overall quality of life.

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False. Leta Hollingworth was the first individual to use the term "gifted" to describe children who scored exceptionally high on intelligence tests. It was not developed by Skinner.

Leta Stetter Hollingworth (1886-1939) was an American psychologist who made significant contributions to the field of psychology, particularly in the area of educational psychology and the study of gifted children.

Hollingworth was one of the first psychologists to focus on the study of giftedness and intellectual development in children. She conducted extensive research on gifted children, and her work helped to dispel many myths and stereotypes about gifted individuals. For example, she found that gifted children were not necessarily socially awkward or physically weak, as had been previously believed.

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