Describe a possible food chain made up of
common organisms in the city park ecosystem
shown. Tell what might happen if all of one type of
organism moved away.

A standardized PCR test would be the most appropriate for testing the presence of the bacteria Shigella in a water supply.

PCR or polymerase chain reaction is basically a method which is widely used to rapidly make millions or even billions of copies of a specific DNA sample. This allows the scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it using sets of primers to a large amount which allows them to study the sample in detail.

These standardized PCR tests can be used to in a number of studies. For example, testing the presence of bacteria Shigella in a water supply. A small sample of water from the supply can be taken which contains the bacteria and that can be amplified using PCR to obtain a large amount of sample for study.

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The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system is a specialized circulatory system that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

It is responsible for the transport of a variety of chemical signals between these two structures. The hypothalamus, which is located at the base of the brain, produces several releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the activity of the pituitary gland.

The pituitary gland is divided into two main lobes, the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe, each of which has different functions.

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system delivers releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, which in turn regulates the secretion of several hormones including growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone.

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The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system is a specialized circulatory system that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

It is responsible for the transport of a variety of chemical signals between these two structures. The hypothalamus, which is located at the base of the brain, produces several releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the activity of the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is divided into two main lobes, the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe, each of which has different functions. The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system delivers releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, which in turn regulates the secretion of several hormones including growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone.

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The process of digesting food in an amoeba (unicellular) is based on the invagination of the plasma membrane in a process called endocytosis, while digestion in a mouse (multicellular) involves a series of specialized organs that form the digestive system.

The invagination of the plasma membrane or endocytosis is the process by which the plasma membrane is pulled inward, creating a small invagination or sac for the transport of materials within the cell.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that endocytosis is a cell process while the digestive system involves many coordinated processes during digestion.

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cohesiveness of water affect(s) life less than the others.

All of the qualities of water are crucial for the existence of living things because it is necessary for life. Water's cohesion, however, has less of an impact on life than its other characteristics.

Water molecules' propensity to adhere to one another because of their hydrogen bonds is referred to as cohesiveness. This characteristic gives water its surface tension, which enables plants to carry water through their stems and insects to walk on water.

Hydrogen bonds, which are created when one hydrogen atom's partial positive charge is attracted to another's partial negative charge, are the characteristic of water that have the greatest impact on life.

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Water is essential to life. property of water which affects life less than the others is  b) Nearly colorless

Life cannot exist without water because A living thing's primary component is water. It is essential because a liquid medium is required for all metabolic processes necessary for growth and development. The majority of reactions take place when the substances are dissolved.

Water is a clear liquid with no flavor. Water's condensed form exhibits unusual properties due to its extensive hydrogen bonds. Additionally, this results in high boiling and melting points.

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Hail collides with other raindrops causing them to grow.

Hail is made up of supercooled water that gets refrozen in the atmosphere and then falls to the ground as a big ice ball. When thunderstorm updrafts lift raindrops into extremely cold regions of the atmosphere, they condense into hail, which is precipitation.

Hail may kill humans and cattle and cause damage to vehicles, buildings, and airplanes. One or more microscopic ice crystals combine in the snow to create the complicated and distinctive designs of a snowflake. A hail is a frozen raindrop that is often much larger than a pure ice crystal. A form of precipitation, or water in the atmosphere, is hail.

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Hail causes raindrops to enlarge when it hits other raindrops.

Hail is composed of water that has been supercooled, which is then refrozen in the atmosphere before falling to the ground as a large ice ball. Raindrops are transformed into precipitation when thunderstorm updrafts carry them into the atmosphere's coldest regions.

Hail may damage and even destroy cars, houses, and airplanes in addition to killing people and cattle. The intricate and unique patterns of a snowflake are the result of the combination of one or more tiny ice crystals in the snow. A hailstone is a frozen raindrop that frequently exceeds the size of a pure ice crystal. Hail is a type of precipitation, or liquid in the atmosphere.

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Atom that does not react with one another are said to be stable.

A chemical element is uniquely defined by its atoms, which are tiny pieces of substance. An atom is made up of a core nucleus and one or more negatively charged electrons that orbit it. The positively charged, comparatively hefty protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus may be present.

A nuclear reaction is a process in nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry where two nuclei or a nucleus and an outside subatomic particle meet to create one or more new nuclides. A nuclear reaction must therefore result in the conversion of at least one nuclide into another.

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Primary succession occurs when a disturbance leaves only open empty spaces where there used to be a stable community.  1) climax community with plants and animals. 2) Disturbance occurrece: volcano erupted. 3) open rocky area with a few pioneer species arriving the area. 4) Different plant and animal species inhabiting and interacting in a new community. Probably secondary succession.

Primary succession is the process through which an alteration or disturbance affects a site and opens the area, where new species can grow.

It occurs in an open space with no living organisms, such as a bare rock exposed by a retreating glacier, volcanic activity, or an intense fire. These areas could have been previously inhabited by species, but nothing remained after the event occurrence.

With time, new species arrive and manage to establish themselves again. The order in which species establish depends on the strategies of each species to survive.

First, pioneer species arrive. These are the first inhabitants, mostly lichens or plants with the capability of surviving in such an environment.

Only a few pioneers can establish themselves in the open space. Pioneers modify the habitat. They make it more suitable for other later species' establishment, converting rock into fertile soil.

As conditions get better, new species arrive like grasses. Grasses and pioneers keep modifying the soil, making it better with time.

New species arrive. Habitat modification keeps on going while new species establish. They produce shadows, alter the temperature, and humidity, fertilize the soil, competing for resources. Different plant and animal species inhabit this new area.

Competition becomes more frequent between species. The first species are eventually eliminated by competition, but new species keep appearing and competing for resources. Secondary succession might occur.

This sequence continues until the commuting reaches a climax, becoming stable and lasting for hundreds of years until another disturbance occurs.

In the exposed example, we have four boxes in which we need to draw four scenarios and describe what is happening in each frame.

I will make a description of each box, then you can make the drawings.

1) Let us assume there was a climax community in which several animal and plant species inhabited together and interacted. This was a highly stable community.

2) Suddenly, the Saint Helen volcano erupted, and as lava emerged and ashes were spewed, all forms of life died and disappeared. This disturbance killed everything.

3) This new scenario is empty, and only exposed rock is left. Primary succession begins. A few little pioneer species are arriving in the area and managing to establish in there. Little by little, they prepare the area for new species.

4) In this scenario, there are already many plant and animal species. A new community has been born. This new community might go through secondary succession events until reaching a new climax state.

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Natural selection is the process through which particular qualities gradually increase or decrease in prevalence in a population.

The process of natural selection is driven by the environment and the organisms that possess certain traits that give them an advantage over other organisms tend to survive and reproduce more often. Therefore, natural selection can lead to changes in the allele frequencies in a population, and is the opposite of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

In conclusion, for a population to reach Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, natural selection must not be present. If natural selection is present, it can lead to changes in the allele frequencies, and the population will not reach Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

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One of the requirements that is not necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is natural selection.

In the absence of external effects, genotype frequencies in a population genetic condition known as Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium remain constant from one generation to the next. The following prerequisites must be satisfied for this state to exist:• A sizable population, so that the random genetic changes have little impact on the population's genetic composition as a whole.• No mutation, preserving the population's genetic diversity.• No gene flow, preventing population genetic diversity from changing as a result of human migration.• Random mating, to prevent non-random mating from altering the genetic composition of the population.One of the key elements that can upset the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is natural selection. It is the process by which specific qualities, depending on how well they aid individuals in surviving and procreating, become more or less frequent in a community. As a result, different genotypes and allele frequencies may fluctuate throughout time.

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The stage of mitosis where the sister chromatids separate and each daughter cell gets one chromosomes is Anaphase.

The fourth stage of mitosis, known as anaphase, divides the duplicated genetic material contained in a parent cell's nucleus into two identical daughter cells. The sister chromatids, or replicated chromosomes, are positioned along the equatorial plane of the cell before anaphase starts. The sister chromatids are made up of two identical DNA copies linked at the centromere. Each pair of chromosomes divides into two identical, independent chromosomes during anaphase. The mitotic spindle is a structure that separates the chromosomes. A chromosome is attached to one end of the mitotic spindle's many lengthy proteins, known as microtubules, and a cell pole is attached to the other. Following the fourth and final phase of mitosis, known as anaphase, which ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes, is telophase, the fifth and final stage of mitosis.

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Anaphase is the stage of mitosis where the sister chromatids separate and one chromosome is given to each daughter cell.

The duplicated genetic information found in a parent cell's nucleus is divided into two identical daughter cells during the fourth stage of mitosis, referred to as anaphase. Before anaphase begins, the sister chromatids, or replicated chromosomes, are arranged along the equatorial plane of the cell.

Two identical DNA copies are joined at the centromere to form the sister chromatids. During anaphase, each pair of chromosomes splits into two identical, independent chromosomes. The chromosomes are divided by a structure called the mitotic spindle. The many long proteins of the mitotic spindle, called microtubules, have a chromosome linked to one end and a cell pole to the other.

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There are 27 countries in the European union

The European Union is a special collaboration between 27 member states of the European Union. Together, they encircle a sizable portion of Europe.

Common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development are maintained under EU policies, which also seek to safeguard the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital inside the internal market. Travel within the Schengen Area no longer requires a passport.

A person who meets the requirements to be considered a European citizen has the freedom to move, settle, and work in any of the 27 member states of the union.

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A human-centered view of our relationship with the environment is known as anthropocentrism.

An anthropocentric viewpoint is referred described as "anthropocentrism." Anthropocentrism is the philosophical position that holds that humans are the sole or principal possessors of moral standing. Anthropocentrism believes that people are superior to and different from nature and that only human life has intrinsic worth, while all other living things—including animals, plants, minerals, and other resources—can legitimately be used for the benefit of humankind.

Anthropocentrism, according to authors who care about the environment, is morally wrong and the cause of ecological disasters. The link between two basic motivations for environmental attitudes—ecocentrism, or appreciating nature for its own sake, and anthropocentrism, or valuing nature for the material or physical benefits it may offer humans—was investigated.

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It's where the cell reproduces and forms more cells

The muscle contraction that allows the muscle to shorten is called Concentric concentration.

A concentric contraction causes the muscle to shorten because the force produced by the muscular is less than its maximum. Muscle contraction generally refers to this kind of contraction. In contrast to the other two types, it uses more energy, but its contraction produces the least force.

Muscle contracture is the term for the actual physical shortening of a muscle's length, and it frequently occurs in conjunction with the actual shortening of certain other soft tissues like fascia, nerves, vasculature, and skin.

Inactivity and fibrosis from an accident or burn are the most frequent causes of contracture. The risk of contracture deformity is significantly higher in people with various illnesses that limit mobility. For instance, individuals with severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

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Muscle contraction that allows the muscle to shorten is called  

c) concentric  contraction.

In general, concentric contraction results in shortening of muscle as the  force that is produced by the muscle is less than the maximum force. Muscle contraction also term as the actual physical shortening of a muscle's length, that takes place in conjunction with the actual shortening of certain other soft tissues like fascia, nerves, vasculature, and skin.

Also the Inactivity and fibrosis from an accident or burn are result of contraction. The risk of contraction deformity is increasingly higher in people with various illnesses that limit mobility. For instance, individuals with severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

The complete question is :

The type of contraction in which the muscle fibers do not shorten is called:

a) tetany.

b) treppe.

c) concentric.

d) isotonic.

e) isometric.

Hence, the correct option is C

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Answer: B) genes

Explanation:

Albinism is passed on from parent to offspring through genes.

Malnutrition, advanced age, heredity, a lack of exercise, and specific medical problems can all contribute to muscle atrophy.

When you don't use these muscles enough, you develop disuse (physiologic) atrophy. Neurological conditions or disorders can cause neurogenic atrophy. A category of disorders known as muscular dystrophy leads to gradual muscle loss and weakening.

In muscular dystrophy, faulty genes (mutations) prevent the body from making the necessary proteins for building healthy muscle. Different types of muscular dystrophy exist. Muscle atrophy has also been linked to vitamin D insufficiency in both humans and animals.

An imbalance in the rates of protein synthesis and breakdown leads to muscle atrophy. Symptoms of muscle atrophy include balance issues, lack of muscle coordination, weakness in the face, tingling in the arms and legs, visual issues, weariness, and more.

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Muscle wasting or atrophy is caused by a variety of factors including disuse of the muscles, neurogenic conditions, poor nutrition, and underlying health conditions. It  states that disuse of muscles can cause muscle atrophy, which can be reversed with exercise and a healthy diet.

It also states that muscle atrophy is usually caused by not being able to regularly exercise your muscles, and your inability to move may be due to an injury or an underlying health condition. It reports that lack of physical activity due to an injury or illness, poor nutrition, genetics, and certain medical conditions can all contribute to muscle atrophy. In summary, muscle wasting or atrophy is caused by a combination of factors such as disuse, neurogenic conditions, poor nutrition, underlying health conditions, injury, genetics and certain medical conditions.

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Answer:

Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning that they are all different in some ways. This variation means that some individuals have traits better suited to the environment than others.

Explanation:

It is important to know how to convert the temperature scale to Celiu or Kelvin scale because we get the values of temperature in different units, so to make them comparable we have to change them to the same scale.

Heat is the flow of thermal energy between items with various temperatures, whereas temperature is a measurement of how hot or cold one object is in relation to another object (its thermal energy content).

Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin are the three scales that are most frequently used to measure temperature (K). Utilizing elements that stretch or compress when heated or cooled, thermometers monitor the temperature. For instance, a reservoir of liquid in a mercury or alcohol thermometer expands as it warms and contracts when cooled, causing the liquid column to extend or shorten as the liquid's temperature varies.

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The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is composed of a double layer of phospholipid molecules.

These phospholipids are arranged in a bilayer, with their hydrophobic tails facing each other and their hydrophilic heads facing outward. The two layers of phospholipids in the cell membrane are called the phospholipid bilayer.

This bilayer is selectively permeable, meaning it controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Additionally, the cell membrane has a variety of other molecules embedded in it, such as cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, which help to maintain the fluidity and stability of the membrane.

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The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is composed of a double layer of phospholipid molecules.

These phospholipids are arranged in a bilayer, with their hydrophobic tails facing each other and their hydrophilic heads facing outward. The two layers of phospholipids in the cell membrane are called the phospholipid bilayer. This bilayer is selectively permeable, meaning it controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Additionally, the cell membrane has a variety of other molecules embedded in it, such as cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, which help to maintain the fluidity and stability of the membrane.

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The correct option is B ; Missense mutation , A missense mutation is a change in DNA that causes different amino acids to be encoded at a specific place in the resultant protein.

Some missense mutations cause the resultant protein's function to change. Substitution, deletion, insertion, and translocation are all examples of mutations.

Deletion mutations, on the other hand, are the polar opposite of a point mutation. They entail the elimination of a base pair. Both of these mutations produce the most damaging sort of point mutation of all: the frameshift mutation.

Base mutations arise when polymerase fails to pick up the correct base during DNA replication, which is a type of error. Base mutations known as nonsense mutations are the most likely to result in gene knockout.

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Full Question ;

A mutation occurs that alters the third base in an mRNA codon from a C to a G. This mutation is most likely a

A. frameshift mutation

B. missense mutation

C. nonsense mutation

D. silent mutation

The water moves from the soil through the cells of plants and finally reaches the atmosphere via transpiration. The resistance factors of this process are air, humidity, light intensity, temperature, and transpiration. Casparian strips are important for their impermeable nature for water movement.

The movement of water starts when the root uptakes water from the soil. The water first enters the growing root tip and then enters the root hairs. The water will move the root using three different pathways such as apoplastic, transmembrane, and symplastic pathways. Once this water crosses these pathways, the centers the cortex and crosses the endodermis having a Casparian strip. Then, water enters the xylem cells which are subject to long-distance transport. The water then vascular bundle and distribute in the epidermal and mesophyll cells. It is drawn into plant cell walls and is moved to the atmosphere in the form of water vapor via stomata. The resistance that affects this pathway is air, humidity, light intensity, temperature, and transpiration.

Casparian strips are impermeable substances that are found in the endodermal cells of plant roots. They form a barrier against the apoplastic flux and force the ions to pass through the selectively permeable membrane to the cytoplasm. This thus forms positive hydrostatic pressure and prevents the movement of toxic and pathogens.

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To prevent contamination with germs, water companies add a disinfectant—usually either chlorine or chloramine—that kills disease-causing germs such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, and norovirus.

Numerous sources of water, including lakes and wells, can be polluted with pathogens that can make people ill.

Water businesses add a disinfectant—typically chlorine or chloramine—that kills pathogens including Salmonella, Campylobacter, and norovirus in order to prevent contamination with germs. The two main disinfectants used in public water systems are chlorine and chloramine.

Obtaining a copy of your utility's consumer confidence report will allow you to learn whether your water is disinfected, what kind of disinfectant is used, and how well your utility has complied with disinfection regulations.

Therefore, To prevent contamination with germs, water companies add a disinfectant—usually either chlorine or chloramine—that kills disease-causing germs such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, and norovirus.

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Answer:

The brainstem

Explanation:

The brainstem also controls your balance, coordination and reflexes.

When fishery populations are overharvested, it can lead to a decline in the overall population size, which can make it harder for the remaining fish to find mates and reproduce. Some governments have implemented measures to curb overfishing, such as setting catch limits, enforcing regulations on fishing gear and methods.

Overharvesting of fishery populations can cause the overall population size to decrease, making it difficult for the remaining fish to reproduce, and also can lead to a decline in the overall health of the population, as well as a decrease in the overall biomass of fish in the ecosystem. This can disrupt the balance of the ecosystem. Governments use measures such as setting catch limits, enforcing regulations on fishing gear and methods, and creating marine protected areas where fishing is not allowed. They also encourage sustainable fishing practices, such as using more selective fishing gear and the use of fish farms, in order to maintain healthy and sustainable fish populations for future generations.

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Overfishing hurts more than just the marine ecosystem. Fish is a major source of nourishment for billions of people worldwide, and for millions of individuals, fishing is their main source of income.

One of the main causes of population decreases in ocean species is fishing. Except for overfishing, which occurs when boats catch fish more quickly than stocks can restock, fishing is not necessarily detrimental for the ocean.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the number of overfished stocks worldwide has tripled in the past fifty years, and today, more than one-third of the world's evaluated fisheries are being exploited beyond their biological capacity. Bycatch, or the capturing of unwanted marine life while fishing for a different species, is directly related to overfishing. This is also a severe marine threat that results in the unnecessary extinction of thousands of sea turtles and cetaceans, as well as billions of fish.

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When it comes to emphasising the covert expressions of power—which can be simply defined as the capacity to influence the choices actions and comparission of others—anthropology differs from other sciences.

Additionally anthropology is the discipline has both scientific and humanistic impulses that can clash with one another. In order to provide collectively holistic perspectives of how power functions "above" and "below," anthropologists also study persons in positions of authority. Studies of state leaders, whiteness and white supremacy, military regimes, and significant companies are a few examples of this type of scholarship. Fieldwork, relativism, holism, and comparison are the four main anthropological stances.

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When it comes to emphasising the covert expressions of power—which can be simply defined as the capacity to influence the choices actions and comparission of others—anthropology.

differs from other sciences. Additionally anthropology is the discipline has both scientific and humanistic impulses that can clash with one another. In order to provide collectively holistic perspectives of how power functions "above" and "below," anthropologists also study persons in positions of authority. Studies of state leaders, whiteness and white supremacy, military regimes, and significant companies are a few examples of this type of scholarship. Fieldwork, relativism, holism, and comparison are the four main anthropological stances. In order to provide collectively holistic perspectives of how power functions "above" and "below," anthropologists also study persons in positions of authority. Studies of state leaders.

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The roles and differences of ligaments, tendons, and cartilage is to provide support for muscles and organs and help protect them during movement.

A ligament is an elastic band of tissue that connects bones and stabilises joints. Cartilage is a soft, gel-like cushioning material that protects joints while also allowing mobility. Tendons, ligaments, and cartilage are all connective tissues that support and protect muscles and organs during movement.

The most obvious distinction between ligaments and tendons is that tendons connect bone to a skeletal muscle, whereas ligaments connect bone to another bone. Fibroblast cells, which form the structural framework for connective tissues, are present in both of these problems. Cartilage is a type of tissue that is tough, but not as hard as bone. It is, however, more durable than a tendon or a ligament.

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Ligaments, tendons, and cartilage are all types of tissue that provide stability, flexibility, shock absorption, and cushioning between bones to enable movement.

Ligaments are a type of connective tissue that helps to hold bones together and keep them stable. Made up of strong fibrous bands of collagen, elastin and other proteins, they provide strength and elasticity to help reduce stress and strain on the bones and joints.

Tendons, on the other hand, are also a type of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone. They are made up of densely packed collagen fibers and are much tougher than ligaments. They enable the muscle to move the bone and allow for greater flexibility.

Lastly, cartilage is a type of connective tissue that acts as a cushion between bones. It is made up of specialized cells called chondrocytes and a gelatinous matrix of proteins and other substances. This helps absorb any impact or force placed on the joints and bones as well as reduce friction between bones during movement.

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The correct statement: We cannot be 100% certain that an asteroid killed the dinosaurs.

Paleontologists are working to determine what led to the extinction of all non-avian dinosaurs 65 million years ago.

Thus, the correct statement is-

We cannot be 100% certain that an asteroid killed the dinosaurs.

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Answer:

1.Vascular B

2.Nutrients.