Define the therapeutic communication technique of:
Sharing Humor

Substance use disorder is a complex condition that involves the repeated and compulsive use of drugs or alcohol despite negative consequences. The International Society of Addiction Medicine has identified four categories of symptoms that can help diagnose substance use disorders.

The first category is impaired control, which includes symptoms such as using larger amounts of the substance than intended, unsuccessful efforts to cut back or quit, and spending a lot of time obtaining or using the substance. The second category is social impairment, which involves the negative impact of substance use on interpersonal relationships, work, or school performance. Symptoms in this category can include giving up important activities due to substance use, continued use despite social problems, and risky behavior while under the influence.
The third category is risky use, which refers to using the substance in situations that can be physically hazardous, such as driving under the influence or using drugs alone. Finally, the fourth category is pharmacological criteria, which includes tolerance, withdrawal, and using the substance to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
Overall, substance use disorder symptoms are complex and can vary depending on the type of substance and individual factors. However, understanding the four categories of symptoms can be helpful in diagnosing and treating substance use disorders.

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Phencyclidine (PCP) is an example of a dissociative hallucinogen. Dissociative hallucinogens like PCP distort sensory perceptions and cause the user to feel disconnected from their environment and even their own body. PCP was originally developed as a surgical anesthetic in the 1950s, but due to its unpredictable effects and potential for abuse, it was later removed from the market.

PCP is a highly potent drug that can cause intense, long-lasting hallucinations and delusions. In addition to its dissociative effects, PCP can also cause a range of physical symptoms such as elevated heart rate, increased blood pressure, and impaired motor coordination. Due to the significant risks associated with PCP use, it is considered a Schedule II controlled substance by the United States government, meaning it has a high potential for abuse and dependence. While PCP is not as widely used as other hallucinogens such as LSD or psilocybin mushrooms, its effects can be dangerous and potentially life-threatening, making it an important substance to be aware of in the realm of drug education and harm reduction.

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If you have high cholesterol and triglycerides, it is important to take steps to lower them to reduce your risk of heart disease.

This can include making lifestyle changes such as following a healthy diet, exercising regularly, quitting smoking, and maintaining a healthy weight. In some cases, medication may also be necessary to manage cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It is important to work with your healthcare provider to develop a personalized plan to lower your levels and improve your overall health.
If you have high cholesterol and triglycerides, it's important to take steps to manage these levels, as they can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other health issues. To do so, consider adopting a healthy diet low in saturated fats and high in fiber, engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and, if necessary, discussing medication options with your healthcare provider.

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Zyloprim is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor used to treat gout and kidney stones by reducing the production of uric acid. Benemid is also a medication used to treat gout by increasing the excretion of uric acid, but it does not directly inhibit xanthine oxidase.
Out of the provided options, Zyloprim is the drug that is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Zyloprim, also known as allopurinol, is used to lower uric acid levels and prevent gout attacks. Krystexxa is not a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, but rather a medication used to treat chronic gout by reducing uric acid levels through a different mechanism. Colcrys is not a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and is used to treat acute gout attacks.

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The affected leg could indicate a fracture of the femoral head in an 80-year-old lady experiencing hip pain.

The femoral head is the rounded top part of the thigh bone that fits into the hip socket. If this area is fractured, there may be tenderness or pain in the hip or groin area, as well as difficulty moving the leg. Other signs of a femoral head fracture could include swelling, bruising, or a visible deformity in the affected area. It is important to note that only a medical professional can diagnose a fracture through imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans.

It may be necessary for the patient to undergo these tests to determine the extent of the injury and the best course of treatment. In the case of the 80 year old lady, it may be necessary to provide pain management and immobilization while waiting for a medical evaluation.

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The medication that has a drug interaction with potassium-sparing diuretics is: A. Accupril. Potassium-sparing diuretics are a class of medications that help the body get rid of excess fluid while retaining potassium. They are often used to treat high blood pressure and edema (swelling).

Accupril is a medication that belongs to the class of drugs called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. It is used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. The interaction between Accupril and potassium-sparing diuretics occurs because both drugs can increase potassium levels in the body. When these medications are taken together, the risk of hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) increases.

Hyperkalemia can be dangerous and cause symptoms such as muscle weakness, irregular heartbeat, and, in severe cases, can lead to cardiac arrest. To avoid this drug interaction, doctors usually monitor potassium levels closely when these medications are prescribed together, or they may choose a different medication to manage the patient's condition. Always consult your healthcare provider when taking medications to ensure their safety and efficacy.

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Stretching is a non-locomotor activity that involves lengthening and extending muscles to improve flexibility, reduce muscle tension, and increase joint range of motion. Non-locomotor movements are stationary actions, which means they do not require traveling from one place to another. Instead, these movements occur in a fixed position.

During stretching, muscle fibers elongate and become more pliable, allowing for better movement and performance in various physical activities. There are two primary types of stretching: static and dynamic. Static stretching involves holding a stretch for an extended period, typically 15-30 seconds, whereas dynamic stretching involves performing controlled, gradual movements that mimic specific actions used in sports or exercise.

Incorporating stretching into your fitness routine can offer numerous benefits, including injury prevention, enhanced athletic performance, and improved posture. Regular stretching can also promote relaxation and stress relief, as it helps release tension accumulated in muscles due to physical or emotional stress.

It is essential to perform stretching exercises correctly and with proper technique to avoid injury. Additionally, it is recommended to stretch after warming up the muscles to ensure they are more responsive and pliable. Remember to breathe deeply and consistently while stretching to promote relaxation and facilitate muscle extension. Overall, incorporating stretching as a non-locomotor activity in your fitness routine can significantly contribute to overall physical well-being and improved performance in various physical activities.

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a. Mary should  begin  at 11:15am in standard time.

b. Mason's body temperature is 34°C (93.2°F ) and below the normal body temperature  showing that he may have hypothermia or an infection.

c. Aaron's rectal  temperature of 39.4°C ( 102.9°F ) is above the normal body temperature range showing that he may have a fever.

Hypothermia is described as  a medical emergency that occurs when your body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low body temperature.

for Mary,

total time taken=30+60+15=105mins

which means that  1 hour and 45 mins. so she should start baking 1 hr 45 mins before the time of serving.

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Based on the symptoms presented, the most likely diagnosis for this 30-year-old female with a frontal headache, fever, and nasal discharge would be a sinus infection or sinusitis.

The pain on palpation of the frontal and maxillary sinuses further supports this diagnosis. The history of allergies may also contribute to the development of sinusitis, as allergies can cause inflammation in the nasal passages and sinuses, leading to an increased risk of infection. Treatment for sinusitis typically involves antibiotics and decongestants to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms. However, it is important for the patient to receive a proper diagnosis from a healthcare provider before beginning any treatment regimen. If symptoms persist or worsen despite treatment, further evaluation may be necessary to rule out other underlying conditions.

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The nurse-patient relationship is a critical aspect of healthcare that has a significant impact on the patient's overall care experience. There are four essential phases of the nurse-patient relationship that healthcare professionals must understand and utilize in their clinical practice.

The first phase is the pre-interaction phase, where the nurse prepares for the initial meeting with the patient. In this phase, the nurse gathers information about the patient's medical history, diagnosis, and other relevant details. The second phase is the orientation phase, where the nurse establishes trust and rapport with the patient by introducing themselves, explaining their role, and setting the expectations for the therapeutic relationship.The third phase is the working phase, where the nurse and patient collaborate to achieve the patient's goals. During this phase, the nurse assesses the patient's needs, develops a care plan, and implements interventions to improve the patient's health outcomes. Finally, the termination phase occurs when the patient's goals have been met, and the therapeutic relationship comes to a close.Overall, the four phases of the nurse-patient relationship play a critical role in promoting trust, communication, and collaboration between healthcare professionals and patients. By understanding these phases, nurses can provide high-quality patient care, enhance patient satisfaction, and improve clinical outcomes.

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There are three intended effects of benzodiazepines (benzos) to be aware of that can help in alcohol use disorders:

1. Anti-Anxiety Properties: Benzos are commonly prescribed for anxiety disorders due to their ability to reduce feelings of anxiety. This can be beneficial in treating alcohol use disorders, as anxiety is a common symptom of alcohol withdrawal.

2. Sedative Effects: Benzos are also known for their sedative effects, which can aid in reducing insomnia and improving sleep quality in individuals undergoing alcohol detoxification.

3. Muscle Relaxation: Benzos can also provide muscle relaxation, which can be helpful in reducing tremors and other physical symptoms associated with alcohol withdrawal.


Benzos work by enhancing the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that helps to slow down the nervous system. This leads to the intended effects of anti-anxiety, sedation, and muscle relaxation.

In individuals with alcohol use disorders, the use of benzos can be helpful in managing the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, which can be severe and potentially life-threatening. By reducing feelings of anxiety, promoting better sleep, and reducing physical symptoms such as tremors, the use of benzos can aid in the recovery process.


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Tertiary syphilis is the late stage of the sexually transmitted disease syphilis. It can occur several years after the initial infection and can affect various organs in the body, including the heart, brain, and nervous system.

One type of tertiary syphilis that can begin early in a sense is called early benign syphilis. This form of tertiary syphilis typically appears between five to ten years after the initial infection and is characterized by the development of gummas, which are soft, tumor-like growths that can occur on the skin, bones, and other tissues. Early benign syphilis can also cause symptoms such as fatigue, fever, and joint pain. If left untreated, this form of tertiary syphilis can progress to more severe complications, including damage to the central nervous system and cardiovascular system.

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According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 1 in 4 new HIV infections in the United States are among young people aged 13 to 24.

Many of them do not know they are infected, are not getting treated, and can unknowingly pass the virus on to others. It is important for everyone, especially young people, to get tested regularly and to seek treatment if they are diagnosed with HIV to prevent the spread of the virus.

About 1 in 4 new HIV infections occur among individuals aged 13-24 years old. This is mainly because many in this age group are unaware of their infection, do not receive proper treatment, and can unknowingly transmit the virus to others.

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C) Certification. Certification is the process by which an agency or association grants recognition to an individual who has the proper qualifications.

This recognition indicates that the individual has met specific standards and is qualified to perform certain tasks or provide certain services.

Certification typically involves an examination or assessment of the individual's knowledge and skills in the relevant area.

Hence, certification is a formal recognition of an individual's qualifications by a professional organization or governing body.

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The characteristic that would differentiate psychophysiological disorders from somatic symptom disorders is the presence of underlying pathophysiology. Psychophysiological disorders, also known as psychosomatic disorders.

These are physical illnesses that are caused or exacerbated by psychological factors such as stress or anxiety. These disorders involve a clear physiological mechanism and often have identifiable physical symptoms that can be objectively measured, such as increased heart rate or blood pressure. In contrast, somatic symptom disorders are characterized by excessive or persistent physical symptoms that are not fully explained by an underlying medical condition. These symptoms are often linked to psychological factors, but there is no clear physiological mechanism involved. Therefore, the presence of underlying pathophysiology is the key characteristic that distinguishes psychophysiological disorders from somatic symptom disorders.

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The two major types of data that are contained in the health record are administrative and clinical data. Administrative data includes information related to the patient's demographics, admission and discharge dates, insurance information, and other administrative details.

On the other hand, clinical data includes information about the patient's medical history, diagnoses, treatments, medications, laboratory and imaging test results, and other clinical details. Nursing and physician data may be part of the clinical data section, as they both contribute to the patient's medical care. Nursing data includes assessments, interventions, and outcomes related to nursing care, while physician data includes notes, orders, and progress reports related to medical treatment.

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Insomnia disorder is a condition in which an individual has difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or both. This disruption of sleep can interfere with normal functioning, leading to fatigue, mood disturbances, and difficulty concentrating or focusing on tasks.

It can also lead to physical health issues, such as headaches, digestive problems, and lowered immunity. Insomnia can be caused by a number of factors, including stress, anxiety, pain, medications, and certain medical conditions. Treatment for insomnia can include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), lifestyle changes, and medications.

CBT teaches people to identify and change patterns of thinking and behaviors that contribute to poor sleep. Lifestyle changes could include establishing a regular sleeping schedule and avoiding caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol close to bedtime. Finally, medications can help to ease anxiety, improve sleep quality, and reduce the time needed to fall asleep.

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When disulfiram (Antabuse) is taken with alcohol, it can result in four common symptoms, which are collectively referred to as the disulfiram-alcohol reaction (FNVP). These symptoms include:
1. Flushing (redness and warmth of the skin)  2. Nausea  3. Vomiting  4. Palpitations (rapid or irregular heartbeats)

Disulfiram, also known as Antabuse, is a medication that is often used to treat alcoholism. When taken with alcohol, it can cause a number of unpleasant symptoms. The long answer to your question is that consuming alcohol while taking disulfiram can result in four main symptoms, which are:

1) Facial flushing: Disulfiram  can cause a sudden reddening of the face and neck, which can be quite uncomfortable.  2) Headache: Some people who take disulfiram  and drink alcohol may experience a severe headache, which can last for several hours.  3) Nausea and vomiting: Alcohol consumption while taking disulfiram can lead to significant nausea and vomiting.  4) Chest pain: In rare cases, disulfiram and alcohol can cause chest pain, which may be a sign of a more serious reaction.

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Answer:

When homeostasis is disturbed by increasing CO2 level and decreasing pH and O2 levels, the cardioinhibitory centers are typically inhibited.

The cardioinhibitory centers are located in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem and play a key role in regulating heart rate. They consist of the parasympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for slowing down the heart rate, and the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for speeding up the heart rate.

In response to the changes in CO2 level, pH, and O2 levels, the body typically initiates a compensatory response to restore homeostasis. This includes increasing the heart rate and respiratory rate to help deliver more oxygen to the tissues and remove excess CO2.

Explanation:

Um Yea

An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, stabilized by an emulsifying agent. In the case of eye care, an emulsion can refer to eye drops that contain both an oil and a water component.

Out of the options given, Cequa, Restasis, and Xiidra are all eye medications that come as emulsions. Cequa is used to treat dry eye disease and is a prescription medication that contains cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant drug. Restasis is also used to treat dry eye disease and contains cyclosporine as well. Xiidra is another prescription medication that treats dry eye disease, but it contains lifitegrast, a drug that reduces inflammation in the eye. Opti-Clear, on the other hand, is not an eye medication that comes as an emulsion. It is a solution that is used to clean contact lenses. It's important to note that although these medications come in the form of an emulsion, they may also contain other active or inactive ingredients that contribute to their therapeutic effects or the overall stability of the product. It's always recommended to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider and read the package insert before using any medication, including those that come as emulsions.

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Community resources that provide supportive care typically fall under the category of secondary prevention.

Secondary prevention focuses on early detection, treatment, and management of health conditions to prevent them from worsening.

By identifying community resources that offer supportive care, individuals can access services and interventions that help maintain their health and well-being.

This level of prevention aims to reduce the impact of a health condition by detecting it at an early stage and providing appropriate care and support to prevent further complications.

In summary, community resources for supportive care are examples of secondary prevention.

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The effects of photosynthesis and respiration are usually ignored when taking potometer readings because potometers are typically used to measure transpiration,

which is the loss of water vapor from the stomata of plant leaves. Transpiration is a physical process that involves the movement of water vapor from the leaf to the atmosphere through the stomata, driven by factors such as humidity, temperature, and atmospheric pressure.

Photosynthesis and respiration, on the other hand, are metabolic processes that occur within the cells of the leaf and involve the exchange of gases, including oxygen and carbon dioxide, with the atmosphere. These processes can affect the concentration of gases, including water vapor, in the leaf and may potentially impact the rate of transpiration measured by a potometer.

However, the effects of photosynthesis and respiration on transpiration are usually considered to be negligible or minimal in most potometer readings. This is because the rate of photosynthesis and respiration in leaves is relatively small compared to the rate of transpiration, and the changes in gas concentration due to these processes are typically small and do not significantly affect the overall rate of water loss through transpiration.

Additionally, potometer readings are usually taken over relatively short time periods, typically a few minutes to an hour, during which the effects of photosynthesis and respiration on transpiration are considered to be minimal. Therefore, these effects are usually ignored in potometer readings to simplify the measurement and interpretation of transpiration rates in plant physiology experiments.

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Psychological first aid through crisis intervention and debriefing after an adventitious crisis can reduce the incidence of anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression.

Psychological first aid through crisis intervention and debriefing after an adventitious crisis can reduce the incidence of three key things: Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and Adjustment Problems (APM).

These interventions help individuals cope with the immediate aftermath of a crisis and promote emotional recovery, which in turn decreases the likelihood of experiencing these adverse psychological outcomes.

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Ocular syphilis is a manifestation of the sexually transmitted infection, syphilis, that specifically affects the eye and can lead to severe visual impairment if left untreated. It is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.

People living with HIV are more susceptible to acquiring syphilis, and ocular syphilis is more likely to occur in those who are HIV positive. The exact percentage of people with ocular syphilis who are also HIV positive can vary based on the study population and geographic region. However, several studies have demonstrated a significant correlation between HIV and ocular syphilis. According to a study published in the American Journal of Ophthalmology in 2016, approximately 51.6% of patients diagnosed with ocular syphilis were also HIV positive. Another study from the United States conducted in 2015 reported that among ocular syphilis cases, 63% of the patients were HIV positive.

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There are several possible differential diagnoses for a patient complaining of dizziness, including: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Inner ear infections, and Migraines.

1. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) - caused by small crystals in the inner ear that disrupt balance and cause dizziness

2. Inner ear infections - such as labyrinthitis or vestibular neuritis

3. Meniere's disease - a disorder of the inner ear that causes vertigo, ringing in the ears, and hearing loss

4. Migraines - which can cause dizziness, along with other symptoms like headaches, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound

5. Low blood pressure or hypotension - which can cause lightheadedness and dizziness upon standing up

6. Anxiety or panic disorders - which can cause dizziness as a symptom of a panic attack

7. Cardiovascular problems - such as heart arrhythmias, heart attack, or stroke, which can cause dizziness as a symptom.

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Mop water should be disposed of in the utility sink or any designated mop sink that is separate from food preparation and handwashing sinks. It is not appropriate to dispose of mop water in a three-compartment sink, ladies' restroom, or men's urinal as these are not designed for that purpose and can lead to cross-contamination.  

In a commercial kitchen, the three-compartment sink is used for washing, rinsing, and sanitizing dishes and utensils. The ladies restroom is a designated area for handwashing and personal hygiene, while the men's urinal is for urine disposal. It is important to follow proper cleaning and sanitation procedures to maintain a safe and healthy environment, especially in food service establishments. So, make sure to dispose of mop water in the appropriate sink or mop sink and avoid using other sinks or areas for this purpose.

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True, symptoms of gonorrhea in males are usually serious enough for them to seek treatment. Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. When symptoms do appear in males, they tend to be noticeable and can cause significant discomfort, prompting them to seek medical attention.

It is important for individuals experiencing these symptoms to seek medical help promptly, as untreated gonorrhea can lead to serious complications, such as epididymitis, a painful condition affecting the tubes attached to the testicles, and even infertility. Additionally, gonorrhea can increase the risk of acquiring other STIs, such as HIV.

It is essential to remember that some men with gonorrhea may not experience any symptoms at all or may have very mild symptoms that go unnoticed. As a result, it is crucial to get regular STI screenings to prevent the spread of gonorrhea and other infections.

In conclusion, when symptoms of gonorrhea in males are present, they are generally serious enough for them to seek treatment. However, it is important to be aware that some men may not experience noticeable symptoms and should still take precautions and undergo regular testing.

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A side effect of Ciprodex is pain.

It is important to provide a thorough explanation of Ciprodex and its potential side effects. Ciprodex is a medication that contains ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone, which work together to treat ear infections. While it can be effective in treating infections, it can also cause some unwanted side effects. Some of the common side effects of Ciprodex include dizziness, fatigue, pain, and swelling. These side effects may occur due to the medication's impact on the body's nervous and immune systems.

Although pain is a common side effect of Ciprodex, it is important to note that individual experiences may vary. If you notice any unusual symptoms or side effects while using Ciprodex, it is essential to consult with your healthcare provider to ensure appropriate treatment and care.

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Based on the symptoms presented, the most likely diagnosis for this 28-year-old pregnant woman with lower abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding is a threatened miscarriage.

A threatened miscarriage is a common condition that occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy, where vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain can be experienced. This can be caused by various factors such as hormonal changes, infections, or structural abnormalities. It is important for this woman to seek immediate medical attention as soon as possible. The healthcare provider may perform an ultrasound to determine the status of the pregnancy, evaluate the cause of bleeding and abdominal pain, and provide appropriate treatment. Bed rest and avoidance of strenuous activity may be recommended, and in severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary. It is important to note that not all vaginal bleeding during pregnancy indicates a miscarriage. Other possible causes of vaginal bleeding in pregnancy include implantation bleeding, cervical changes, placenta previa, and ectopic pregnancy. However, any vaginal bleeding during pregnancy should be reported to a healthcare provider immediately to ensure the health and safety of both the mother and the fetus.

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