These experiments are designed to test general theories about the genetic basis of developmental and life-history traits by examining patterns of phenotypic changes and correlations that emerge under specific selection regimes.
What is Natural selection lab?The laboratory describes the broad category of natural selection experiments that we refer to as selection experiments that include all experiments that use selection pressure to change populations over time.
Laboratory natural selection is currently heavily used in this setting, with its use in applied studies making a significant difference, when compared to other selection experimentation methods such as artificial selection and directed evolution.
Thus, these experiments are designed to test general theories about the genetic basis of developmental and life-history traits by examining patterns of phenotypic changes and correlations that emerge under specific selection regimes.
Learn more about Natural selection, here:
https://brainly.com/question/2725702
#SPJ1
Which observations finally lead to the hypothesis that an asteroid had hit the earth at the KT
boundary?
The quantity of iridium around the K-T boundary was the first indication that an asteroid had struck the earth at about the same time as the mass extinction. Another indicator was the discovery of animal bones from the Cretaceous, which indicated that the majority of the animals that had lived there had perished when the asteroid landed.
what is a hypothesis?A hypothesis is a theory put up to explain a phenomenon. A hypothesis must be testable according to the scientific method for it to be considered a scientific hypothesis. Scientists typically build their scientific ideas on prior observations that cannot be adequately explained by the current body of knowledge.
learn more about hypothesis
brainly.com/question/606806
#SPJ1
which preparation does the sperm undergo to penetrate the protective layers surrounding the ovum in order for fertilization to occur
For fertilization to occur, the sperm must be capacitation in order to penetrate the protective layers surrounding the ovum (option 4)
Sperm capacitation refers to the physiological changes that spermatozoa must undergo in order to penetrate and fertilize an egg. Colin Russell Austin coined this term in 1952 based on independent studies conducted by Austin and Min Chueh Chang and published in 1951. Due to technological advances, the details of the process have been elucidated since the initial reports and emergence of the term. Early in vitro fertilization experiments, as well as embryology and reproductive biology, relied heavily on recognition of the phenomenon.
Meiosis refers to cell division, ejaculation refers to the discharge of sperm from the male reproductive tract, and mobilization refers to movement.
The question is incomplete, it should be:
Which preparation does the sperm undergo to penetrate the protective layers surrounding the ovum in order for fertilization to occur?
(1) Meiosis
(2) Ejaculation
(3) Mobilization
(4) Capacitation
Learn more about fertilization here: https://brainly.com/question/1154065
#SPJ4
Regions of the chromosomes where non-sister chromosomes cross over are called
tetrads
chiasmata
kinetochores
homologs
Answer:
Regions of the chromosomes where non-sister chromosomes cross over are called chiasmata.
packages proteins within the cell and makes lipids
The endomembrane system (endo- = "inside") is a collection of organelles and membranes found in eukaryotic cells that collaborate to transport, package, and alter lipids and proteins.
The Golgi apparatus, which is positioned near the cell's nucleus, alters proteins that have been transported from the RER in transport vesicles. It also contributes to the movement of lipids throughout the cell.
In several metabolic processes, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum plays a role. Steroids, phospholipids used in plasma membranes, and lipids are all synthesized by it.
Learn more about the Golgi apparatus here:
https://brainly.com/question/1768509
#SPJ4
The endomembrane system, which may be found in eukaryotic cells and means "within," is a group of organelles and membranes that work together to transport, package, and modify lipids and proteins.
The proteins that have been carried from the RER in transport vesicles are modified by the Golgi apparatus, which is located close to the cell's nucleus. It also helps lipids flow around the cell more easily. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum participates in a number of metabolic processes. It produces lipids, phospholipids for plasma membrane usage, and steroids.
To know more about Golgi apparatus click here:
brainly.com/question/12723282
#SPJ4
a cell question 9 options: can be composed of many types of tissues. is found only in plants and animals. is the smallest entity studied by biologists. may be a distinct entity or a building block of a more complex organism. all of the above
A cell may be a distinct entity or a building block of a more complex organism. The correct answer is D.
Because it can carry out all the essential functions needed for life, a cell is a structure that can exist unrestrictedly. In the bodies of unicellular creatures, there is only one cell. As a result, single cells may exist autonomously as unicellular organisms like amoebas and chlamydomonases.
Similar to how numerous cells combine to produce multicellular bodies, complex organisms have many cells. These cells may have a loose packing, similar to sponges, or they may exhibit organ system, tissue, or organ level organization.
Learn more about cell at https://brainly.com/question/30046049
#SPJ4
What is the term for a group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein?
The term for a group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein is called a codon.
Each codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds to a specific amino acid or to a stop signal during protein synthesis. The genetic code is the set of rules by which the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
The genetic code is read in groups of three bases, called codons, each of which corresponds to a single amino acid. The order of the bases in the codon specifies which amino acid will be incorporated into the protein.
To learn more about codon
https://brainly.com/question/9382652
#SPJ4
The term for a group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein is called a codon.
Each codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds to a specific amino acid or to a stop signal during protein synthesis. The genetic code is the set of rules by which the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids in a protein. The genetic code is read in groups of three bases, called codons, each of which corresponds to a single amino acid. The order of the bases in the codon specifies which amino acid will be incorporated into the protein.
To learn more about codon click here
brainly.com/question/9382652
#SPJ4
Which of these organs are the adrenal glands associated with?
a. Anterior lobe
b. Kidneys
c. Thyroid gland
d. Hormones
the adrenal glands associated with (b) Kidneys.
On top of each kidney are the adrenal glands, which are endocrine glands. They create a number of hormones that control the body's reaction to stress, blood pressure, and metabolism. Adrenaline, cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens are among the hormones made by the adrenal glands.
The outer adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal medulla are the two areas that make up the glands. Catecholamines like adrenaline are produced by the medulla and steroid hormones by the cortex. Hormones, the thyroid, and the anterior lobe are not directly connected to the adrenal glands.
Adrenal glands are quite important to maintain the metabolism inside the body.
To know more about adrenal glands, click here,
brainly.com/question/1406904
#SPJ4
The correct answer is (b) Kidneys are associated with the adrenal glands.
The adrenal glands, which are endocrine glands, are located on top of each kidney. They produce a variety of hormones that regulate the body's response to stress, blood pressure, and metabolism. The adrenal glands produce hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.
The glands are made up of two parts: the outer adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal medulla. The medulla produces catecholamines such as adrenaline, while the cortex produces steroid hormones. The adrenal glands are not directly connected to hormones, the thyroid, or the anterior lobe. Adrenal glands play an important role in the body's metabolism.
To learn more about the adrenal glands, go to: brainly.com/question/1406904
#SPJ4.
Number the major classification groups (taxa) in order from the most specific (1) to the least specific (7)
The following are the main taxonomic classification groupings, listed from lowest order to highest order, starting with the most specific:-
1) Species
2) Genus
3) Family
4) Order
5) Class
6) Phylum
7) Kingdom
8) Domain
The base of the biological categorization hierarchy and the most fundamental unit in taxonomy is the species. Members of the same species are more closely related to one another than they are to any other organisms, including other members of the same genus, and have through the same evolutionary processes.
The taxonomic rank between a family and a species is called a genus (plural, genera). A genus is a collection of creatures that are structurally similar and closely related.
To know about taxa
https://brainly.com/question/1673512
#SPJ4
The most specific major classification group is Species, followed by Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, and Kingdom, which is the least specific.
A species is the most specific group of the taxonomic system, consisting of a group of living organisms that are similar in form and function, can interbreed, and produce fertile offspring.
A genus is the next level of classification, consisting of a group of closely related species that share a common ancestor.
A family is the next level of classification, consisting of a group of closely related genera that share a common ancestor.
An order is the next level of classification, consisting of a group of closely related families that share a common ancestor.
A class is the next level of classification, consisting of a group of closely related orders that share a common ancestor.
A phylum is the next level of classification, consisting of a group of closely related classes that share a common ancestor.
Finally, a kingdom is the broadest category of classification, consisting of a group of organisms that share a common ancestor and have similar characteristics.
Learn more about organisms visit
https://brainly.com/question/17259533
#SPJ4
Need Help!!Atomic Structure escape room. Enter 4 digit code(no spaces)
Based on the image, it can be concluded that the four-digit code required for this escape room is 9146.
What does the image show?The image shows a clock with some missing numbers, these numbers have been replaced by letters and this is the key to discovering the code as you should replace the letters with numbers.
What is the code?Based on the previous ideas, let's replace the letters and let's do it in alphabetical order, for this, we are going to use the regular numbers found in a clock.
A= 9
B= 1
C= 4
D= 6
Therefore, the code is 9146
Note Here is the missing image:
Learn more about codes in https://brainly.com/question/1603398
#SPJ1
How do silica tetrahedra bond in silicate minerals with each other by sharing an oxygen?
Silica tetrahedra bonds in silicate minerals with each other by sharing oxygen, with other elements, such as potassium, in single or double chains and in sheets.
A silicate tetrahedron (SiO44-), which has silicon in the center and oxygen in each corner, is formed when silicon and oxygen form a covalent connection. Numerous significant minerals in the crust and mantle are made up of this structure.
The silica tetrahedron serves as the fundamental building unit for all silicate minerals. Four oxygen atoms and one silicon atom make up the four-sided structure of this molecule. The oxygen atoms are covalently bound to a single silicon cation, which has a plus-4 charge, as anions with a charge of minus-2.
All of these minerals are composed of the silica tetrahedron, which is made up of four oxygen atoms and one silicon atom. These are placed in a tetrahedron shape with planes traced across the oxygen atoms.
Learn more about silica tetrahedra here:
https://brainly.com/question/12564861
#SPJ4
How do silica tetrahedra bond in silicate minerals?
A. with each other by sharing an oxygen
B. with other elements
C. such as potassium
D.in single or double chains
E.all of the above
which of the following is required for entry of fatty acids into the oxidation pathway? i. priming via the enzyme acyl coa synthetase ii. conservation of free energy from atp hydrolysis by use of a thioester linkage iii. transport to the cytosol for oxidation via a carnitine carrier protein iv. hydrolysis of carnitine palmitoyl transfer protein a. i, iii b. i, ii, iii c. i, ii, iii, iv d. i, ii e. iii, iv
Option D ( i , ii ) is correct - i - priming via the enzyme acyl coa synthetase.
ii - using a thioester linkage to conserve free energy from atp hydrolysis.
Fatty acids must enter the mitochondrial matrix before they can be oxidized. Fatty acids with a carbon chain length of 12 or less enter mitochondria without the assistance of membrane transporters.
Oxidation of Fatty Acids in the Mitochondrion. The fatty acid -oxidation pathway is as follows: The process of converting a long-chain acyl-CoA molecule to acetyl-CoA molecules is known as fatty acid -oxidation. The amount of acetyl-CoA produced is proportional to the carbon length of the fatty acid being oxidized.
Fatty acids are activated for degradation in the cytosol by conjugation with coenzyme A (CoA). Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) converts the long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA to acylcarnitine, which is then transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane by carnitine translocase (CAT).
Learn more about " fatty acids oxidation " to visit here;
https://brainly.com/question/13062451
#SPJ4
if a trait is being selected for in a population, what forces could possibly counteract that selection
If a trait is being selected for in a population, the forces that could possibly counteract that selection includes: Genetic drift, Mutation, Inbreeding, Migration, Natural disasters, Competition, Pleiotropy, and Cost of the trait.
If a trait is being selected for in a population, several forces could counteract that selection, such as:
Genetic drift: Genetic drift is the random fluctuation of allele frequencies in a population. It can lead to the loss of beneficial alleles and the fixation of deleterious alleles, which can counteract selection.
Mutation: Mutation is the source of genetic variation. But it can also introduce deleterious alleles that can counteract selection.
Inbreeding: Inbreeding occurs when individuals with close genetic relationships mate and produce offspring. This can lead to the expression of deleterious recessive alleles, which can counteract selection.
Migration: Migration can introduce new genetic variation into a population, but it can also introduce alleles that are not well-suited to the local environment, which can counteract selection.
Natural disasters: Natural disasters like floods, droughts, and wildfires can cause a reduction in population size, which can lead to genetic drift and the loss of beneficial alleles, which can counteract selection.
Competition: Competition between individuals for resources can counteract selection when it favors traits that are not adaptive to the environment.
Pleiotropy: Pleiotropy is the phenomenon where a single gene affects multiple traits. It can lead to to trade-offs between beneficial traits and deleterious traits, which can counteract selection.
Cost of the trait: Some traits are beneficial but they might come with a cost. For example, a large body size can help an organism to survive in harsh conditions, but it can.
Learn more about genetic drift here: https://brainly.com/question/12021027
#SPJ4
Besides water and air, volcanoes are responsible for _____, another necessity for many life forms
a. Land
b. Natural Bridges
c. Houses
d. Subduction
the answer is land cause water and air makes land boom
what two main phases comprise the cell cycle in plants?
interphase and the mitotic (M) phase are two main phases comprise the cell cycle in plants .
The cell cycle can be separated into two distinct phases when observed under a microscope: mitosis and interphase. The most dramatic phase of the cell cycle is mitosis (nuclear division), which corresponds to the separation of daughter chromosomes and typically leads to cell division (cytokinesis). G1, S, and G2 all belong to the interphase. Both mitosis and cytokinesis occur during the M phase. The series of events in a cell that lead to its division into two daughter cells is known as the cell cycle, or cell-division cycle.
These processes include the division of its cytoplasm, chromosomes, and other components into two daughter cells after partitioning its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles.
For such more questions on interphase:
brainly.com/question/17485110
#SPJ4
Two main phases comprise the cell cycle in plants are interphase and the mitotic phase
The time during the cell's normal processes, growth, and preparation for cell division is referred to as interphase. There are three phases: G1, S, and G2. More specifically, the cell is growing and going through normal processes in the G1 phase, duplicating its genetic information or chromosomes in the S phase, and continuing to grow in the G2 phase while performing additional preparatory steps for cell division.
The division phase of a cell is referred to as mitosis. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase are its subphases. The position of chromosomes within the cell distinguishes these phases. Chromosomes condense in prophase. Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell during metaphase. Original and duplicate chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell during anaphase. The cell divides during telophase to produce two genetically identical offspring cells and the original cell.
Know more about cell cycle here: https://brainly.com/question/15876101
#SPJ4
Changing a ingle amino acid in a protein coniting of 325 amino acid would alway alter the
Answer:
Changing a single amino acid in a protein containing 325 amino acids will always alter the protein's properties in some way.
What is represented by the pattern of numbers in a molecule, that carries generic information?
list, in order, the stages of erythropoiesis. start with the least differentiated cell type and end with erythrocytes.
The list order of the stages of Erythropoiesis is 1) Hemopoietic stem cells, 2) Colony-forming units, 3) Erythroblasts, 4) Reticulocytes, 5) Erythrocytes.
The transformation of an erythropoietic stem cell into a mature red blood cell is known as erythropoiesis, which is the process through which red blood cells (erythrocytes) are produced. It is brought on by a decrease in blood oxygen levels, which the kidneys detect and use to produce the erythropoietin hormone. As a result of this hormone's stimulation of red cell precursors' growth and differentiation, the hemopoietic tissues' increased erythropoiesis activity is activated, ultimately leading to the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes). This often takes place in the red bone marrow of postnatal animals and birds, including humans. The mesodermal cells of the yolk sac in the early fetus undergo erythropoiesis. Erythropoiesis shifts to the liver by the third or fourth month.
To learn more about Erythropoiesis click here
brainly.com/question/15204008
#SPJ4
The list order of the stages of Erythropoiesis is 1) Hemopoietic stem cells, 2) Colony-forming units, 3) Erythroblasts, 4) Reticulocytes, 5) Erythrocytes.
The transformation of an erythropoietic stem cell into a mature red blood cell is known as erythropoiesis, which is the process through which red blood cells (erythrocytes) are produced. It is brought on by a decrease in blood oxygen levels, which the kidneys detect and use to produce the erythropoietin hormone. As a result of this hormone's stimulation of red cell precursors' growth and differentiation, the hemopoietic tissues' increased erythropoiesis activity is activated, ultimately leading to the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes). This often takes place in the red bone marrow of postnatal animals and birds, including humans. The mesodermal cells of the yolk sac in the early fetus undergo erythropoiesis. Erythropoiesis shifts to the liver by the third or fourth month.
learn more about erythropoiesis here:
https://brainly.com/question/29307810
#SPJ4
First-aid kits are best substituted by bandages and alcohol.
True
False
It is false that bandages and alcohol work the best as substitutes for first aid supplies.
You might need to use gauze or a compress dressing to clean and cover burns, deep cuts, significant scrapes, and lacerations. Alcoholic dressing for gauze. Before applying a dressing to a wound, make sure to clean and disinfect the skin with alcohol. Roll of gauze bandages.
Additionally, you should include elastic bandages in your first-aid bag to use on broken arms or sprained joints. Bandages and alcohol work best as substitutes for first-aid kits. How long should it take you to finish a lesson that involves pouring plates, incubating microorganisms, and an active culture.
Learn more about First-aid kits Visit: brainly.com/question/722712
#SPJ4
False, (There is no substitution for a first-aid kit) so First-aid kits are not substituted by bandages and alcohol.
Bandages and dressings –some adhesive bandages and gauze dressings to cowl wounds. Antibiotic cream – take a look at the expiration date. Scissors to cut dressings, garb, rope, seatbelts and more. Needle-nose tweezers to pull out splinters, ticks, thorns and rattlesnake
For burns, deep cuts, and bigger scrapes and lacerations, you can need to apply gauze or compress dressing to smooth and cowl the wound. Gauze dressing with alcohol. Alcohol is used to smooth and disinfect the pores and skin, so make certain to use these earlier than dressing a wound. Gauze bandage roll.
To know more about wound click here
https://brainly.com/question/27493336
#SPJ4
which process takes place in chloroplasts?
A. cell division
B. cellular respiration
C. photosynthesis
D. production of gametes
c.....photosynthesis take place in chloroplasts
in prokaryotic cells, repressor proteins bind to a section of dna called a/an
Answer:
operator gene
Explanation:
The repressor protein binds to the operator gene . And thus is prevents the functioning of an operon by not allowing RNA polymerase to transcribe . For eg . in lac operon , repressor protein binds to the operator gene but as soon there is lactose in the medium , lactose enters into the bacteria with the help of permease and binds to repressor protein. This now allows the RNA polymerase to transcribe. Here lactose thus acts as an inducer .Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are examples of biological ____________. (4 points) a molecules b nucleic acids c particles d cells
Answer:
a. molecules
Explanation:
Nucleic acids are macromolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. These macromolecules help to make up cells.
true or false the order of the dna nucleotides (a,c,t, and g) is what makes organisms unique
The order of the dna nucleotides (a,c,t, and g) is what makes organisms unique is false.
What do the letters T and G represent in the DNA sequence?DNA contains the nucleotides adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) (T). These bases come in certain pairings (A with T, and G with C). Base pair can also refer to the actual number of base pairs in a sequence of nucleotides, such as 8 base pairs.It's also crucial to realise that each creature has a unique combination of A, T, C, and G nucleotides in its DNA, and that this combination regulates not just the activities of individual cells but also those of the organism as a whole.To learn more about nucleotides refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/14067588
#SPJ1
colchicine is a drug that can prevent chromosomes from separating during cell division and leads to the production of cells with increased chromosome number. assuming that all other aspects of gamete growth and maturation are not impacted and you are working with an organism with two sets of homologous chromosomes that are not identical, what is the most likely outcome of exposing cells to colchicine during meiosis ii?
Exposing cells to colchicine during meiosis II would most likely result in the production of cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes, also known as aneuploidy.
This is because colchicine prevents the separation of chromosomes during cell division, leading to the formation of cells with more than the normal number of chromosomes. Additionally, if the organism has two sets of homologous chromosomes that are not identical, the colchicine would cause a random assortment of chromosomes, resulting in the formation of cells with various abnormal chromosome numbers. Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in organisms that sexually reproduce. The process of meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half, creating four genetically diverse daughter cells, called haploid cells.
learn more about Meiosis here:
https://brainly.com/question/29383386
#SPJ4
Explain why all organisms are dependent upon photosynthesis
Using clay and yarn, recreate the lac operon shown below. In your model show transcription products coming from the coding sequences. CAN SOME ONE EXPLAIN THIS TO ME!!!!
The model of a lac operon showing the transcription products coming from the coding sequences is found in the attchment.
What is the lac operon?The lac operon, is a collection of genes present in E. coli and other bacteria that are dedicated to the uptake and processing of lactose.
The lac operon consists of three structural genes:
lacZ, which codes for the enzyme -galactosidase, which breaks down lactose into galactose and glucose;lacY, which codes for the transmembrane protein lac permease, which is required for the uptake of lactose.lacA, which codes for a transacetylase, which adds an acetyl group from coenzymeA (CoA) to the lacI gene, which encodes a repressor of the lac operon.Learn more about lac operon at: https://brainly.com/question/1619875
#SPJ1
which process could occur in maple trees to decrease the chromosome number in pollen cells from 52 to 26?
Answer:
Meiosis
Explanation:
The process that could occur in maple trees to decrease the chromosome number in pollen cells from 52 to 26 is called meiosis.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in the formation of haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. In meiosis I, the chromosomes are replicated and then lined up in homologous pairs, and then are separated into different nuclei during meiosis II, resulting in four haploid cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.
So in the case of maple trees the process of meiosis would reduce the number of chromosomes from 52 to 26 in the pollen cells.
the lower esophageal sphincter is located between the a. stomach and esophagus. b. stomach and duodenum. c. ileum and the cecum. d. sigmoid colon and the anus.
The lower esophageal sphincter is located between the stomach and esophagus.
The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a ring of muscle located at the junction of the esophagus and the stomach. Its function is to prevent stomach contents, including acid and enzymes, from flowing back into the esophagus. The LES acts as a barrier to keep stomach contents in the stomach, also known as reflux. The LES is an important barrier in the digestive system that prevents acid reflux and heartburn. When the LES relaxes, it allows food to pass into the stomach but when it is contracted, it prevents stomach content from flowing back into the esophagus. The LES is also known as the cardiac sphincter because it is located in the region of the heart. The proper functioning of the LES is important for maintaining the health of the esophagus and preventing complications such as esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus.
To know more about esophagus
https://brainly.com/question/22906056
#SPJ4
what is the complementary strand of dna for the sequence of bases below?
Answer:TACCGATG
Explanation:
Adenine pairs up with Thymine
Cytosine pairs up with Guanine
An easy way to remember this is the saying "Apples in the Tree. Cars in the Garage."
hope this helps! :)
describe the anatomy of xylem tissue and explain why it is an efficient system for the transport of water through the plant.
Xylem is a tissue consisting of dead, hollowed-out cells that form a system of pipes. the function of xylem is to move the water through channels present in the plant cell , from one cell to the next either symplast or apoplast pathways.
components of xylem is, tracheid's which is fundamental cells and are elongated cells with tapering ends, it also have pits. tracheid have thickenings too like annular thickening.
vessels, which are called trachea and are tube like cells, they have segments or vessel elements.
Third is Xylem Fibres, they are dead cells and have central lumen which makes the transport of water efficient and the last is xylem parenchyma.
xylem, is a more efficient way to transfer water, as it follows unidirectional methods and water is pulled to mesophyll cells through transpiration pull.
To know more about xylem,
https://brainly.com/question/30046094
#SPJ4
For which of these questions could a testable hypothesis be developed? Check all that apply.
Answer:
check 1,3,and 4
Explanation: