Analyzing the Impact of the Treaty of Versailles
In this assignment, you will be using excerpts from several documents to write an analysis of the impact of the Treaty of Versailles. Watch the video below for tips on answering a document-based question.





Historical Background:

The Treaty of Versailles between Germany and the Allied powers was signed on June 28, 1919, five years to the day after Franz Ferdinand's assassination in Sarajevo. Adopting U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's "fourteenth point," the Treaty created the League of Nations. The United States, however, never signed the Treaty and did not join the league; it worked out a separate treaty with Germany and its allies several years later. The Treaty of Versailles punished Germany with war reparations, a loss of land, and demilitarization, among other things.

With Adolf Hitler as its dictator, Germany invaded Poland on Sept. 1, 1939, launching World War II in Europe. The war pitted Germany, Italy, and Japan – the Axis Powers – against the Allies, which included Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States (after Dec. 7, 1941), among others. Earlier, an alliance called the Rome-Berlin Axis had been established between Germany and Italy in October 1936. A month later, Germany made a similar agreement with Japan.

You may refer to relevant historical information not mentioned in the documents.

Write an Essay
Based on the following four documents, analyze the aftermath of the Treaty of Versailles. In an essay (minimum five paragraphs in length), address the question:

How did the Treaty of Versailles help to cause World War II?
Document #1

Source: Treaty of Versailles, Part VIII, Section I, 1919.
Article 231 (aka War Guilt Clause)
The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.
From Article 232 (aka Reparations Clause)
The Allies require, and Germany undertakes, that she will make compensation for all damage done to the civilian population of the Allied Powers and to their property during the period of the war.



Document #2

Source: Margaret MacMillan, historian and great-granddaughter of British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Paris 1919, 2001.
In the Berlin cabarets, they told jokes about the worker who smuggled parts out of a baby carriage factory for his new child only to find when he tried to put them all together he kept getting a machine gun. All over Europe, in safe neutral countries such as the Netherlands and Sweden, companies whose ultimate ownership was in German hands worked on tanks or submarines. The safest place of all, farthest from the prying eyes of the Control Commission*, was the Soviet Union. In 1921 the two pariah nations of Europe realized they had something to offer each other. In return for space and secrecy for experiments with tanks, aircraft and poison gas, Germany provided technical assistance and training.

* The Control Commission was established by the Treaty of Versailles to monitor Germany's compliance with its military terms


Document #3

Source: Adolf Hitler, Nazi dictator of Germany, speech to the Reichstag* on Feb. 20, 1938.
There are more than ten million Germans in states adjoining Germany which before 1866 were joined to the bulk of the German nation by a national link. Until 1918 they fought in the Great War shoulder to shoulder with the German soldiers of the Reich. Against their own free will they were prevented by peace treaties from uniting with the Reich.

This was painful enough, but there must be no doubt about one thing: political separation from the Reich may not lead to deprivation of rights, that is the general rights of racial self-determination which were solemnly promised to us in Wilson's Fourteen Points as a condition for the armistice. We cannot disregard it just because this is a case concerning Germans.

* The Reichstag is the lower chamber of Germany's federal parliament


Document #4

Source: John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace, 1920
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe - nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbors, nothing to stabilize the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old World and the New.

Answer:

A preamble is an introductory statement that usually appears at the beginning of a document or text, setting forth the goals, purposes, and underlying philosophy of the document. The structure of a preamble typically includes an opening statement, a list of the goals or purposes of the document, and a concluding statement.

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India, and it was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949. The preamble of the Constitution of India reads as follows:

"We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens:

Justice, social, economic and political;

Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

Equality of status and of opportunity;

And to promote among them all

Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;

In our constituent assembly this twenty-sixth day of November 1949, do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution."

The preamble of the Constitution of India outlines the fundamental principles and values of the Indian Republic, which include democracy, socialism, secularism, and the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms. It serves as a guiding light for the country and its people, and it is considered an essential component of the Constitution.

A preamble is an introductory statement in a document that explains its purpose and underlying philosophy. In the context of a constitution, a preamble sets forth the fundamental values and guiding principles that the constitution seeks to uphold. The preamble is not a part of the enforceable text of the constitution, but it has important symbolic and interpretive significance.

The structure of a preamble typically consists of a series of statements or phrases that describe the purpose and philosophy of the document. In many cases, the language of the preamble is lofty and aspirational, expressing ideals and values that the society or government hopes to embody. A preamble may also refer to historical events or conditions that led to the creation of the document, or it may express a sense of unity or common purpose among the people or groups affected by the document.

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India that lays down the framework of governance, fundamental rights, and duties of citizens, and the powers and functions of the government. It was adopted on 26th January 1950, and it came into force on 26th January 1950, replacing the Government of India Act 1935. The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution in the world, consisting of a preamble, 25 parts, 448 articles, 12 schedules, and 5 appendices. The preamble of the Constitution of India declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic that ensures justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity to all its citizens. The Constitution provides for a federal system of government, with powers divided between the central government and the states. It also contains provisions for the protection of fundamental rights, the promotion of social justice, and the establishment of an independent judiciary.

Explanation:

Answer:massive U.S. defense expenditures to counter the worldwide Soviet threat.

Explanation:

Answer:

1. France failed to use their tanks effectively strategy-wise.

France was known to produce large amounts of heavily-armored (for the time) tanks that outclassed many counterparts of the time, such as Great Britain and Germany. The most important one that struck fear in the hearts of Germans was the Char B1 Bis family, which was a heavy tank that housed a 75mm howitzer in the hull, as well as a smaller 47mm on a turret. The tank was described to be practically impenetrable to the then fielded Panzer IIIE and Panzer IVD, which used a small 37mm gun. However, the French failed to field the tanks effectively with their infantry and battle group, and though the tanks saw limited success, they were simply bypassed and waylaid. It is also important to note that many of them were prone to break down, and so were simply abandoned.

2. France trusted the Maginot Line (and the lack thereof), too much.

France had created the Maginot Line, construction starting first in 1929 and ending in 1938, and saw to a series of bunkers created along the France-German border which housed machine gun nests and artillery pieces. However, they did not build up defenses in the Ardennes Forest, as France believed that it was impossible to maneuver tanks and troop transports in that area. What is noteworthy is that the Maginot Line did in fact serve the purpose that it did, and the troops were impervious to attacks, only surrendering when France herself surrendered following the fall of Paris to the Blitzkrieg.

3. France and her allies doctrine simply did not catch up with the times.

There are many documentations that France prepared for a World War I-esque war, which is why most of their doctrine followed the traditions founded during World War I. However, Germany simply outmaneuvered the Allies, and with speed, broke through the defenses and towards Dunkirk.

Could France have prevented the failures?

While it may be easy to simply to say "yes", it is noteworthy to remember that France and Britain had been following the policy of appeasement. To simply arm themselves and prepare for war, while it may be the most realistic choice, the Allies did want to try to avoid a 2nd World War. However, in failing to put Hitler in his place, it is the exact reason why World War II occur.

~

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Based on societal and educational purposes, it is concluded that students should be allowed to perform their school play.

Generally, in the art class, there are times school would need to display plays to teach the students lesson. While some think it might affect their learning period, others believe it helps with extracurricular skills.

Hence, in this case, it is concluded that the correct answer is Students should perform their school play.

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Answer:

fair housing, employment non-discrimination, and health reform for women

The 20th century proved to be a time of remarkable advancement in the standard of living for many citizens around the world, mainly attributed to improvements in communication, transportation, and industry.

These innovations had an immense bearing on society and culture, giving rise to both beneficial progressions and confrontations.

One noteworthy transformation was urbanization and the burgeoning middle class. As individuals relocated to metropolitan regions and earned extra disposable income, there was a progression towards consumerism and materialistic desires. This entailed the advancement of novel industries such as fashion, leisure activities, entertainment, advertising, and pastimes.

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Answer:

"Economic liberty" generally refers to the freedom of individuals and businesses to engage in economic activities without interference from the government or other external forces. It encompasses the ability of individuals to own and control property, enter into contracts, make voluntary exchanges, and pursue economic opportunities of their choosing. Economic liberty is often associated with free-market capitalism and is considered a fundamental component of economic growth and development. It is also closely linked to the concept of individual liberty and is seen by some as a key element of a free and democratic society. However, there is ongoing debate about the extent to which economic liberty should be prioritized over other societal values, such as social justice and equality.

Explanation:

Nevertheless, ancient Romans considered this story a true tale of their origins. The legend of Romulus and Remus gave Romans a divine ancestry since the twins were said to be the offspring of the god Mars and the Vestal Vir gin Rhea Silvia. The story also presented a lesson in overcoming adversity.

Note that the probability that the flight selected arrived on time given that it is an upstate Airline flight is 43/48. (Option A)

Also in the second case, the probability is 5/87 (Option C)

1) The probability of selecting an Upsate Airline /;fight is:

P(Upstate Ailines = (43+5)/87 = 48/87

The probability of the flight being on time is:

P(on time | Upstate Airlines) = 43/48

Thus, the probability that the flight selected arrived on time given that it is an Upstate flight is 43/48 (Option A)

2)

The total number of flights for upstate Arilines is 43 + 5 = 48

The probability that a randomly selected flight form Updstate Airlines is late is 5/48.

Thus, the probability that a randbly selected flight isna UPstae Airlines flight and was late is:

(5/48)/(8748)
= 5/87 (Option C)

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Answer:

The Black Consciousness philosophy emerged in South Africa during the 1960s and 1970s as a response to the oppressive policies of apartheid. While the philosophy had a significant impact on the struggle against apartheid, it ultimately failed to challenge the system in a meaningful way.

One of the main criticisms of Black Consciousness was that it focused too much on individual empowerment and identity, rather than collective action and political mobilization. The philosophy emphasized the importance of black pride and self-reliance, but it did not provide a clear strategy for challenging the institutionalized racism of apartheid.

Another limitation of Black Consciousness was its limited appeal to the broader population. The philosophy was primarily embraced by educated black elites, who were already politically conscious and active. It did not resonate as strongly with the broader population of black South Africans, who were more focused on basic issues of survival and political representation.

Additionally, the philosophy was criticized for being too inward-looking, and not focused enough on building alliances and solidarity across different racial and ethnic groups. This narrow focus prevented the movement from building a broader coalition capable of challenging the apartheid system.

Finally, the South African government responded to the Black Consciousness movement with harsh repression, including the arrest and detention of its leaders. This repression weakened the movement and prevented it from gaining momentum and making more significant gains.

In conclusion, while Black Consciousness played an important role in inspiring and empowering black South Africans during the struggle against apartheid, its limitations ultimately prevented it from effectively challenging the system. Its focus on individual identity and self-reliance, limited appeal to the broader population, lack of strategic focus, and government repression all contributed to its failure to challenge apartheid in a meaningful way.

The Americans proved that they could resist British control and defeat them a second time by winning the War of 1812. Hence, the correct answer is option B.

The war was fought between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815 and resulted in a victory for the United States. The British had attempted to assert their dominance over American trade and shipping, but the American military was able to repel British attacks and hold their own. During the war, the Americans also gained significant victories over British-allied Native American nations, which weakened British influence in the region. Ultimately, the Treaty of Ghent was signed in 1814, which ended the war and restored pre-war boundaries between the United States and Canada. This victory demonstrated that the United States was a strong and independent nation capable of defending itself against foreign powers.

Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

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Your question is incomplete. The complete question is probably:
How did the Americans prove that they could resist British control and defeat them a second time?

A. They fought Native American Nations loyal to the british.

B. They won the War of 1812

C. They signed the Treaty of Paris

D. They won the French and Indian War.​

Answer:

We prevailed in the fight for freedom in Europe because we and our friends were steadfast, according to the phrase that equates the Persian Gulf War to the Second World War.

Explanation:

How would you compare these two wars?

When the speaker refers to the battle for freedom in Europe, he or she is referring to World War II, when the Allies had to overthrow the Nazis in order to restore freedom to Europeans.

In order to emphasize that they are fighting for freedom in Kuwait just as they were in Europe, the speaker uses the Persian Gulf War as a comparison.

Answer:

What did you find surprising? One surprising aspect of managing population growth is the fact that it involves balancing competing priorities, such as economic development, environmental sustainability, and social equity. Additionally, population growth is often driven by factors such as immigration and fertility rates, which are influenced by a variety of factors and can be difficult to predict.

How do you think this issue will impact you and your family? The impact of population growth will vary depending on factors such as location, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle preferences. For example, people living in urban areas may experience issues such as traffic congestion and air pollution, while people in rural areas may face challenges such as limited access to healthcare and other services.

How will population changes affect the future? Population changes will have far-reaching impacts on the future, including the availability of natural resources, the demand for goods and services, and the distribution of political power. Additionally, population growth can exacerbate issues such as climate change, economic inequality, and social unrest.

What solutions do you think will work best to manage growth and why? There is no one-size-fits-all solution to managing population growth, as the approach will depend on factors such as the location, population size, and cultural context. Some potential solutions could include promoting sustainable development practices, such as green infrastructure and public transportation, investing in education and family planning programs, and promoting policies that encourage economic and social equity. Ultimately, effective management of population growth will require collaboration and cooperation across different sectors and communities.

The various Ku Klux Klan (KKK) groups have historically been independent of each other, although they share a similar ideology of white supremacy, racism, and bigotry.

The first Ku Klux Klan, which was founded in 1865 in Pulaski, operated primarily in the southern United States and disbanded in the 1870s. The second Ku Klux Klan, which emerged in the 1910, was a nationwide organization that included members from all regions of the United States.

Today, there are various groups that use the name Ku Klux Klan, but they are generally considered to be separate and independent organizations. These groups often have different ideology and goals, and they may operate in different parts of the country.

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The Immigration and Nationality Act and  Immigration Reform and Control Act can be the two activities that represent modern immigration trends.

The modern immigration trends will include:

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The creative disciplines of sculpture and paintings were the principal focus of artisan culture. The'major' professions were regarded as these. Workers in guilds, characterized by close-knit urban occupational and cultural groups, included artists, artisans, and a number of others.

The principles of vision and the methods of cutaway, exploding, and rotational perspectives became known by the artists-engineers of the 1500.

The ancestors of contemporary sculpture include Renaissance engineers like Leonardo da Vinci as well as previous genius builders. The focus of Misa's examination of Dutch commercialism is how tech helped the country's economy expand in the 17th and 18th centuries bhy the artisans.

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D. all of these

Reconstruction ended with the return of home rule in south, the compromise of 1877 and the last federal troops leave the south.

The statement that best describes an advantage of indirect democracy over direct democracy is B. It can increase the efficiency of decision making.

Representative democracy, also referred as  indirect democracy, is a governance structure where citizens pick and commission representatives who are responsible for making policies and passing legislation on their behalf.

Unlike direct democracy, wherein citizens themselves make decisions through votes, such an approach in tailored for increased efficiency in governmental decision-making. It is essential to note that both methods of governance have pros and cons ;however, the representation offers better time management and division of labor than the direct form of democracy.

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Answer:

lincoln Steffens-The Shame of Cities: political machines

Upton Sinclair - The Jungle: conditions in meat packing plants and consumer meats

John Spargo-The Bitter Cry of Children: child labor in coal mines

Jacob Riis-How the Other Half Lived: tenement building conditions and poverty

A Muslim school that teaches about religion as well as secular subjects is known as an Islamic school or an Islamic education center.

These schools provide a comprehensive education that combines Islamic teachings with standard academic subjects such as math, science, and language arts.

Islamic schools may be run by religious organizations or private institutions, and they typically offer a curriculum that is based on both Islamic teachings and the national education standards of the country in which they are located.

Islamic schools are an important part of Muslim communities around the world, and they provide a way for Muslim families to ensure that their children receive a well-rounded education that is grounded in Islamic values and principles.

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A similarity between the Egyptians and the Native Americans was B.  Irrigation

Sophisticated irrigation systems were developed by both Egyptians and Native Americans of the Southwest in order to support agriculture. The Nile river served as a primary source for irrigation in ancient Egypt, where they constructed canals and channels to allocate water to farms and fields.

In regards to the Native Americans of the Southwest, including the Hopi and Navajo, conducting extensive work with canals, ditches, and reservoirs alike was critical to irrigating crops located within arid regions.

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Answer:Technological efforts and changes in science and technology have been made to manage growth by improving efficiency and sustainability. For example, renewable energy sources and advancements in automation technology have allowed for increased production with less environmental impact.

Countries have implemented policies to manage growth, such as social policies that aim to provide equal access to education and healthcare, economic policies that promote sustainable growth and job creation, and political policies that regulate industries and protect natural resources. Some countries have also implemented population control policies to manage their population growth.

Explanation:

here are some points on what has been done to manage growth:

1.   Technological efforts or changes in science and technology: Technological advancements have been made in various fields such as energy, transportation, and agriculture to manage growth sustainably. For example, the development of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power has reduced the reliance on fossil fuels, and the use of precision farming techniques has improved crop yields and reduced waste. Additionally, advancements in transportation technology have made it possible to reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency.

2.    Policies in different countries: Social, economic, and political policies have been implemented in different countries to manage growth. For instance, some countries have implemented policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon taxes or cap-and-trade schemes. Other policies include incentives for companies that use sustainable practices or invest in renewable energy. Some countries have also implemented land-use policies to protect natural habitats and promote sustainable development. Additionally, policies to promote education and family planning have been implemented to help manage population growth.

These are just a few examples of what has been done to manage growth. It's worth noting that managing growth sustainably is a complex challenge that requires coordinated efforts across multiple sectors and disciplines, and there is still much work to be done to ensure a sustainable future for the planet.

Answer:

This system regulates political, economic, social and religious activities of the community dealing with issues such as conflict resolution etc. It serves as a mechanism for enforcing moral conduct, building social cohesion, and expressing forms of community culture.

Answer:

The gada system is a traditional system of governance used by the Oromo people of Ethiopia. It is based on a cyclical generation system where power and leadership rotate between different age sets every eight years.

Explanation:

One way Reagan and Bush govern conservatively was by pushing for constrained government intercession within the economy, advancing free-market capitalism, and cutting charges.

They were said to have accepted that by diminishing government controls and giving assess motivating forces, businesses would be able to flourish and make occupations, driving to financial development.

Furthermore, they backed a solid national defense, prioritizing military investing and taking a extreme position on remote arrangement, especially in respects to communism.

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Answer:

b) prevent any one branch of government from having too much power

Explanation:

This form of government was created so that one person doesn't have all of the power and become oppressive.

Answer:

The Social Security Act of 1935 was a law that established a system of old-age benefits for workers, benefits for victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, aid for dependent mothers and children, and other social welfare programs. The law was designed to provide financial assistance to people in need and to promote economic security during times of hardship.

The Social Security Act was controversial at the time, with some people arguing that it represented an unwarranted intrusion of the federal government into people's lives. Others felt that the law was necessary to provide a safety net for people who were struggling to make ends meet.

The FICA tax, which is used to fund Social Security, was also controversial. Some people felt that the tax was an unfair burden on workers and employers, while others believed that it was necessary to ensure that the Social Security system remained solvent.

Overall, the Social Security Act of 1935 was an important piece of legislation that had a significant impact on the lives of millions of Americans. While there are still debates about the merits of the law and the FICA tax, it remains an important part of the social safety net in the United States.

Explanation:

C. It revealed the country's economic dependency on other nations.