The North Atlantic Alliance was founded in the aftermath of the Second World War.
please mark brainiest
according to harlan Plessy v. frguson would someday be viewed as a bad decision on the part of the supreme court. Was he correct? was he correct ?
The Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana state law that allowed "equal yet distinct accommodation for the white & colored races" in this case. During the Reconstruction period, Congress approved three constitutional amendments and other measures that secured Black Americans political rights.
A good or bad case, Plessy v. Ferguson?In comparison to other civil rights cases in American history, the Plessy verdict garnered little attention when it was issued, but its unfavorable effects persisted for a very long period. It gave rise to an increasing number of discriminatory measures in the early 20th century by serving as legal justification.
What effect did the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson have in the South?The Plessy v. Ferguson decision, which allowed segregation, was used by the southern states to pass laws requiring segregation and threatening jail time for those who disobeyed them.
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the second world war, also known as world war ii, was a conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 and touched almost every region of the globe. the main combatants were the allies, which included france, great britain, the united states, the soviet union, and, to a lesser extent, china, and the axis powers, which included germany, italy, and japan. after an uneasy 20-year break, the war in many ways carried on the conflicts that world war i left unresolved. as the largest and bloodiest war in history, world war ii claimed the lives of between 40 and 50 million people. one of the major turning points in geopolitical history of the 20th century, along with world war i, was world war ii. it led to the soviet union's power being extended to countries in eastern europe, enabled a
World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, though related conflicts began earlier.
It involved the vast majority of the world nations-including all of the great powers-eventually forming two opposing military alliances which included the Allies and the Axis. World War II lasted for six years, from 1939 to 1945. The President on 11 September 1945 approved the enclosed letter of 10 September 1945 signed jointly by the Secretaries of War and the navy recommending that the term World War II be officially designated as the name for the present war covering all theaters and the entire period of hostilities.
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Are there any controversies surrounding the FBI? If name and lease tell me about it.
Yes , there are controversies surrounding the FBI which is Covert operations on political groups.
What was controversies surrounding the FBI?The FBI's history was discussed by Texas Republican Senator Ted Cruz, who claimed that the politicization of the organization "is not an accident" and is "motivated because these partizans care more about politics than they do about the rule of law."
"These partisans launched Crossfire Hurricane targeting, probing, sending wiretaps, sending undercover agents, trying to entrap the Republican nominee for president when Trump was running for president, when he was only the Republican nominee for president," Cruz claimed.
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Within the period from 1450 to 1800, compare the processes (e.g. political, social, economic) of empire building in the Spanish Empire with the empire-building processes in the Ottoman Empire OR The Russian Empire.
Both the Spanish and Ottoman empires developed significantly between the 14 and 15 century. Both empires were growing in strength as a result of the conquest of Constantinople and the discovery of the Americas.
Economical comparisons and contrasts between the Spanish and Ottoman Empires are possible. The Ottoman Empire's taxation system was one of the two empires' differences. Despite its tolerance for other religions, the Ottoman Empire levied a specific tax on non-Muslims known as the jizya. The development of trade channels in both empires was one commonality. Under Suleyman, the Ottoman Empire increased its population, built more roads, and opened up new trading routes with the Americas. Suleyman brought about the Pax Ottomanica, bringing in the golden period that allowed the Ottoman Empire to prosper. Additionally, the Ottoman Empire ruled over half of the Danube River, which gave them authority over trade. Socially, the Ottoman and Spanish Empires.
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which of the following are forms of restrictive lung disease are caused by environmental exposure? select all that apply.
The following that forms of restrictive lung disease are caused by environmental exposure are Asbestosis, Pneumoconiosis, Silicosis.
When the lung parenchyma or the pleura, chest wall, or neuromuscular apparatus are affected, the patient has a restrictive lung disease, which is characterized by diminished lung volume. Asthma and COPD are examples of obstructive lung illnesses, however lung cancer is not (COPD).
Even though the number of cases has fallen significantly since regulatory bodies were established and dust laws were enforced, many people still suffer from lung ailments caused by environmental causes. Exposure to inorganic dust during production, processing, or mining is typically the cause of many illnesses (pneumoconiosis). Asbestosis, occupational asthma, byssinosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypersensitivity pneumonitis, interstitial lung disease (ILD), mesothelioma, and silicosis are also other prevalent occupational lung disorders.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full question was:
Which of the following are forms of restrictive lung disease due to exposure to environmental factors? Select all that apply.
Bronchiectasis
Silicosis
Pleural effusion
Asbestosis
Pneumoconiosis
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develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the interaction of various groups in the americas led to cultural change during 1450-1750
-destruction of african/the natives culture
-people of mexico introduced to spanish culture, the language of food, and roman catholicism
-spain made their entire culture based off race, (america did this too)
-introduction of new languages- (creole, made by african slaves, was a combination of european language and their own)
-hacienda system- coerced labor
-polygamy in africa
During the period of 1450–1750, the Americas saw a significant amount of cultural change as a result of the interactions between various groups.
One of the most notable impacts was the destruction of African and Native American cultures. The arrival of Europeans in the Americas brought with it new religions, languages, and ways of life that often clashed with and overwhelmed the existing cultures. The people of Mexico, for example, were introduced to Spanish culture, language, food, and Roman Catholicism, which greatly impacted their way of life.
In addition, the Spanish based their entire culture on race, which was a major factor in the way they treated the native populations. This was also seen in other parts of the Americas, where European colonizers imposed their own culture and values on the native populations.
Another significant change that occurred during this time was the introduction of new languages, such as creole, which was a combination of European languages and the languages of African slaves. This new language emerged as a result of the forced labor system known as the "hacienda system," which was implemented by the Europeans.
Furthermore, the practice of polygamy was also introduced to Africa through the slave trade, and it led to a change in the family structure.
In conclusion, the interactions between various groups in the Americas during 1450–1750 led to a significant cultural change, primarily through the destruction of existing cultures and the imposition of European culture, languages, and values. The introduction of new languages, forced labor systems, and changes in family structures were also notable impacts of these interactions.
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Reflecting women's increasing independence in the late 1890s, author and feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman supported all of the following except
a. women abandoning their dependent status.
b. women seeking power via their roles as wives and mothers.
c. notions that biology made women fundamentally different from men.
d. centralized nurseries and cooperative kitchens.
e. women becoming productive members of the economy as workers.
Reflecting women's increasing independence, Charlotte Perkins Gilman supported all of the following except notions that biology made women fundamentally different from men. The correct option is C.
What was Charlotte Perkins Gilman theory?Charlotte Perkins Gilman was an economist, noted writer, lecturer, and theorist who fought for women's suffrage and women's domestic rights in the early 1900s. Arguably, Charlotte Perkins Gilman's most significant contribution to the First Wave was her 1898 book which titled Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution. The theory presented in this book is that human evolution formed the socio-economic relations among the sexes.
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what did freedom mean to ex-slaves
Answer:
For formerly enslaved people, freedom meant an end to the whip, to the sale of family members, and to white masters. The promise of freedom held out the .
The origin of the earliest civilization in the Americas, the beginning around 5000 B.C. of what was to become the Inca Empire in Peru, has been traced to the use of _______________.
A. coca
B. betel nut
C. heroin
D. alcohol
The origin of the earliest civilization in the Americas, the beginning around 5000 B.C. of what was to become the Inca Empire in Peru, has been traced to the use of coca
The Inca, who descended from older pre-Inca civilizations in the region, initially emerged in modern-day Peru about the 12th century. These older cultures are attributed to the creation of the ancient Nazca Lines, which are massive designs carved into the terrain.
The Inca civilisation is famed for building the biggest empire ever seen in the Americas, for their outstanding agricultural practises, and for their art and architecture, which merged geometrical masonry with the natural terrain in a unique way.
Cocaine: the usage of coca has been traced back to the earliest civilisation in the Americas, the commencement about 5,000 B.C. of what was to become the Inca Empire in Peru. Before Pizarro's 16th-century conquest, the Incas had established a well-developed civilisation in Peru.
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The usage of coca has been linked to the establishment of the first civilization in the Americas, the Inca Empire in Peru, which rose to power approximately 5000 B.C. Here option A is the correct answer.
The Incas, who lived in present-day Peru and parts of Chile, Ecuador, and Colombia, were one of the most advanced civilizations in the Americas prior to the arrival of Europeans.
The Inca Empire was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America and it reached its height in the 15th century. The Incas developed a complex society, with a sophisticated system of government, agriculture, and architecture.
The coca plant, which is native to the Andes, played an important role in Inca culture. The leaves of the coca plant were used by the Incas for medicinal and religious purposes, and they were also chewed to combat fatigue and hunger.
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Please help me with this
Cells' vulnerability to virions entering their cytoplasm as well as their permissiveness to cytoplasmic viral multiplication together dictate the host range at the cellular level.
The lysogenic phase involves what, exactly?In the lysogenic cycle, the phage infects a bacterium and inserts its DNA into the bacterial chromosome, allowing the phage DNA (now called a prophage) to be replicated and passed on together with the cell's own DNA.Cells' vulnerability to virions entering their cytoplasm as well as their permissiveness to cytoplasmic viral multiplication together dictate the host range at the cellular level.Contrary to popular belief, some groups underwent more mutations than others. According to these findings, the number of mutations that the various groups accumulated during the study period varied.To learn more about lysogenic phase refer to:
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Compose a narrative written from the point of view of an American sailor who is unfairly impressed by the British and forced to serve in the British navy.The narrative could be addressed to a newspaper, to a British politician,to the captain of a warship,or it could be a letter written to someone at home explaining what happened.
By sending representatives to board American ships, inspect the crew, and detain sailors who were purportedly British ship deserters, the British Royal Navy used to impress sailors.
What is Royal Navy?The naval warfare force of the United Kingdom is known as the Royal Navy (RN). The first significant maritime battles were fought in the Hundred Years' War against France, despite fact that English and Scottish rulers had been using warships from the early mediaeval period. The Royal Navy competed with Dutch Navy and then French Navy for maritime dominance beginning in the middle of the 17th century and continuing through the 18th. Until the Second World War, it was the most potent navy in the world starting in the middle of the 18th century. Four Imperial Fortress Colonies, a string of imperial outposts, and coaling stations all contributed to the Royal Navy's role in the creation and defence of the British Empire and ensured the Royal Navy's capacity to claim global naval superiority.
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Differences between House and Senate versions of a bill are resolved ____
A.) in conference committee
B.) during floor action
C.) using a filibuster
Differences between House and Senate versions of a bill are resolved in conference committee.
Congress' main responsibility is making legislation. This page offers details on bills that have been introduced to and considered by Congress as part of the various processes in the legislative process. A bill that has been approved by the House is then sent to the Senate for review. This includes review by a Senate committee or subcommittee, much like a bill goes through the House. Before being delivered to the President for his signature into law, a bill must pass both bodies in the identical form.
If the Senate modifies the measure's language, it must be sent back to the House for approval or further modifications. The House may engage in back-and-forth negotiations on the House floor, accepting or rejecting Senate changes or the entire Senate language. A conference committee will frequently be formed with representatives from the House and the Senate. This group will settle any disagreements in committee and submit the same proposal for approval to both bodies. Conference committees also produce reports that describe the legislation's final form.
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Which statement best describes the
relationship between the Montgomery Bus
Boycott and Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.?
The boycott started a massive nonviolent movement is best describes how the Montgomery Bus Boycott affected the civil rights movement
What is civil rights movement?Between 1954 to 1968 in the United States, the civil rights movement was a nonviolent social and political movement and campaign to end institutionalized, legally sanctioned racial segregation, discrimination, and racial disenfranchisement. The civil rights movement was a fight for social justice that mostly took place in the 1950s and 1960s to ensure that Black Americans had equal legal protection in the United States.The boycott is how Martin Luther King, Jr. made his name, so choice C is not the correct response. Option A is not the correct response because the movement went before the supreme court, and option D is also eliminated because the movement did not eradicate racial segregation.The boycott sparked a significant nonviolent movement, hence the answer is B.The complete question is,
Which among these statements best describes how the Montgomery Bus Boycott affected the civil rights movement?
A) The boycott led to Montgomery being ignored by the movement.
B) The boycott started a massive nonviolent movement.
C) The boycott caused Martin Luther King Jr. to lose credibility.
D) The boycott ended segregation in public facilities in the South.
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Use the map below to answer the following question:
A map of the European Union. The member nations include Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden. Candidate nations include Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Macedonia. Non-EU nations include: the United Kingdom, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, Moldova, Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. Iceland and Norway are, however, part of the European Free Trade Association, something that all of the regular members are automatically a part of.
The map above supports which of the following statements about the European Union?
Most Eastern European nations are candidate countries.
All of the Western European nations are part of the European Union.
All European nations want to be part of the European Union.
Most European nations are part of the European Union.
The map above supports Most European nations are part of the European Union. Thus option D is correct.
What is a map?A map is a visual depiction of specific features of a location, typically created on a smooth surface. Maps provide straightforward, visible information about the globe.
In this map it is shown that there will be changes with the European countries were the ones that have created a union. This was with the help of the treaty that was being made.
There may be some parts in the east and the north that was not part of this union. But in total there are 23 countries that are a part of this union. Therefore, option D is the correct option.
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At first push-ups were not a very aversive form of punishment, but they became
more so as the study wore on. Why the change?
Answer:
The already tired prisoners would not like to so that many push ups therefore would make the punishment more efficient.
Explanation:
Match the following.
Answer:
they are all the same
from brainslaw malinowski to heterozygous
Define racial violence
Answer: Racial violence is a physical act of aggression or assault upon another because of, or in a manner reasonably related to, race.
Explanation:
What are the problems with relying on WEIRD culture to produce psychological
knowledge?
Not much has changed since 2010, given that not everyone is the same and that culture can influence even the most fundamental parts of human nature.
How would you define culture?
A population's culture is made up of the institutions, beliefs, and way of life that are handed down from parent to child. The phrase "the way of life for a whole society" has been used to describe culture. It therefore includes standards for behaviour, attire, language, religion, and ceremonies. A community's or social group's culture is made up of the repeated human behavioural patterns that make up that community or group, as well as the symbolic frameworks that explain those patterns. Customs, laws, dress codes, architectural styles, and social norms are only a few examples of cultural elements.
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the mongol defeat of china and the establishment of the yuan dynasty was an important event for both cultures and for the world. in a one-paragraph essay, describe how this event affected china, the mongols, and the world
The Mongol defeat of China in the 13th century and the subsequent establishment of the Yuan dynasty had a significant impact on both cultures and on the world.
For China, the defeat marked the end of the Song dynasty and the beginning of a period of foreign rule. The Yuan dynasty brought about significant cultural, economic, and political changes, including the introduction of a new written script, the use of paper money, and the expansion of trade along the Silk Road. For the Mongols, the conquest of China solidified their position as one of the most powerful empires in the world, and allowed them to spread their culture and influence throughout Asia and Europe. The Yuan dynasty also played a key role in facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies between China and the rest of the world, making it one of the most important events in the global history of the Middle Ages.
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during the 1892 presidential election, large numbers of southern white farmers refused to desert the democratic party and support the populist party because
In the 1892 presidential election, the southern white farmers refused to desert the Democratic Party because the history of racial division in the region made it hard to cooperate with blacks. The correct option is C.
What happened in the 1892 presidential election?After losing the 1888 presidential election, Grover Cleveland returned for another chance at the Presidency in 1892 as the Democratic nominee rather than being the incumbent. Cleveland defeated incumbent President Benjamin Harrison in 1892 to be the only president elected for two non-consecutive terms.
In the 1892 presidential election, the Populist ticket of James B. Weaver and James G. Field led by 8.5% of the popular vote and brought four Western states, becoming the first third party post the end of the American Civil War to win electoral votes.
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Although part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this full question: During the 1892 presidential election, large numbers of southern white farmers refused to desert the Democratic Party and support the Populist Party because
a. they did not think the Populists represented their political interests.
b. they were not experiencing the same hard times as Midwestern farmers.
c. the history of racial division in the region made it hard to cooperate with blacks.
d. they believed that too many Populists were former Republicans.
e. they could not accept the Populists' call for government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, and telephones.
If you were one of Joseph’s eleven brothers, what would you think about his dreams? What would you think about your father’s favoritism? What might you do or say to Joseph or your father?
As one of Joseph's eleven brothers, I would likely be resentful of his dreams and the attention he received from our father.
Who is Joseph’s eleven brothers?Generally, I might see him as arrogant and selfish for believing that he was destined for greatness. I would probably be envious of the favoritism our father showed him, feeling that I had been overlooked and undervalued.
I might express my frustration and anger to both Joseph and our father, possibly even plotting against him to try to bring him down. However, it's also possible that I would be supportive of Joseph and his dreams, recognizing that his gifts were special and unique, and that I could learn from him.
And I would try to understand my father's perspective, although I would still be hurt by the favoritism.
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Are there any controversies surrounding the FBI? If so then name some and tell me about it.
Just a handful of the well-known people whose information the FBI has on file include Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, John Denver, John Lennon, Jane Fonda, Groucho Marx, and Charlie Chaplin.
What is the FBI?The primary federal law enforcement organization in the United States as well as its domestic intelligence and security service is the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
The FBI is a part of the American intelligence community and operates under the Department of Justice's purview.
It is accountable to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence.
The FBI is one of the top counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigation organizations in the United States, and it has jurisdiction over more than 200 different types of federal crimes.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation has been involved in the following controversy lists (FBI).
The FBI has been the focus of several contentious instances throughout its history, both domestically and internationally.
Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, John Denver, John Lennon, Jane Fonda, Groucho Marx, Charlie Chaplin, the band MC5, Lou Costello, Sonny Bono, Bob Dylan, Michael Jackson, and Mickey Mantle are just a few of the famous persons whose information the FBI has on file.
The files' existence was for a variety of reasons.
Therefore, just a handful of the well-known people whose information the FBI has on file include Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, John Denver, John Lennon, Jane Fonda, Groucho Marx, and Charlie Chaplin.
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Please fill in the blank.
The explorer (blank) had fought with Francisco Pizarro and later led an exploration of what is now the American Southeast among the Creek and Choctaw natives. As European colonists moved throughout America in the wake of explorations, marriages between native women and Europeans produced a new ethnicity called (bla
Answer:
The explorer Hernán Cortés had fought with Francisco Pizarro and later led an exploration of what is now the American Southeast among the Creek and Choctaw natives. As European colonists moved throughout America in the wake of explorations, marriages between native women and Europeans produced a new ethnicity called Mestizos.
I'm not sure if that was everything but I filled in everything I could until your text cut off.
A. Kabuki Theater
B. Noh Theater
C. Bunraku Theater
D. How are they different from Ancient Chinese and Sanskrit Theatre?
All three forms of theater are unique to Japan and have developed distinct styles and conventions over time. Ancient Chinese and Sanskrit theater, on the other hand, have different origins and influences.
What is Kabuki Theater?Generally, Kabuki Theater is a traditional form of Japanese theater that originated in the early 17th century. It is characterized by its elaborate costumes, make-up, and highly stylized acting.
B. Noh Theater is another traditional form of Japanese theater that developed in the 14th century. It is known for its use of masks and for its emphasis on poetry and music.
C. Bunraku Theater is a form of traditional Japanese puppet theater that developed in the 17th century. It is characterized by its highly realistic puppets, which are operated by three puppeteers, and its use of live narration and music.
Chinese theater, for example, has a long history and has evolved over time to include various forms such as Beijing opera, while Sanskrit theater is primarily associated with ancient Indian religious performances such as Ramlila.
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1: How did Peter the Great go about centralizing power within his nation?
2: Two or more actions taken by Peter the Great symbolize his status as an absolute monarch.
3: Internationally, what other nations did Peter the Great ally with? Why? What nations were there conflicts with? Why?
4: Explain his attempts at Westernization. What lands did he add to Russia?
Peter I, also known as Peter the Great or Pyotr Veliky, was a Russian tsar who ruled Russia from 1696 to 1725 and was proclaimed emperor in 1721.
Who was Peter ?He was born on June 9 [May 30, Old Style], 1672, in Moscow, Russia, and died on February 8 [January 28], 1725, in St. Petersburg. His full name was Pyotr Alekseyevich (imperator). He was a leading statesman, organiser, and reformer in his nation.
Peter was the child of Tsar Alexis and Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina, who was his second wife. Unlike his half-brothers, who are the kids of Mariya Ilinichna Miloslavskaya, his father's first wife.
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The Battle of Stalingrad affected the rest of World War II by...
Group of answer choices
causing the Axis powers to retreat from the Soviet Union, and turning the tide of the war in the East.
giving the Allies time to plan an attack on France.
boosting the morale of Soviet troops, and leading them to take control of Germany later in the war.
forcing Stalin to command his troops to surrender
Answer:
causing the Axis powers to retreat from the Soviet Union, and turning the tide of the war in the East.
Explanation:
causing the Axis powers to retreat from the Soviet Union, and turning the tide of the war in the East.
The Battle of Stalingrad was a major turning point in the Eastern Front of World War II. It lasted from July 1942 to February 1943, and resulted in a crushing defeat for the Axis powers, specifically the German army. The battle was brutal and resulted in heavy casualties for both sides, but ultimately the Soviet Union emerged victorious. This defeat marked the first time that the German army had been forced to retreat, and it marked a turning point in the war in the East. It also boosted the morale of Soviet troops and weakened the power of the Axis powers, which would eventually lead to the defeat of Nazi Germany.
Why were there private schools in many colonies?
There are private schools in many colonies as the public schools lack facilities that private schools easily offered.
What are private schools?Private schools are educational institutions that are run by private entities without much involvement of the public sector offering quality education and services with trained teachers to educate students.
In order to satisfy a demand that the public sector was unable to meet, private schools were established. When a child attends a private school, they may experience more discipline and experience fewer safety concerns.
The environment of private schools fosters academic excellence and is well-supported for knowledge and learning.
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Decide whether each statement is a positive or negative effect of replacing the stop signs at intersections with signals. 1. Signals would cost more than stop signs. 2. According to data, there are fewer accidents at intersections with signals compared to those with stop signs.
1. negative
2. positive
even though it cost 200k-500k to buy and install a traffic light while it costs $25-$150 for a stop sign
Note that:
What is the rationale for the above response?
Negative - Using traffic signals instead of stop signs would cost more since traffic signals are more expensive to acquire and install than stop signs. This is a negative consequence since it would need a bigger expenditure to implement.
Positive - Data show that crossings with signals have fewer accidents than those with stop signs. This is a good thing since it means traffic lights are a more efficient way of managing traffic and decreasing accidents at crossings.
This can benefit both vehicles and pedestrians by resulting in safer roads and fewer injuries and fatalities.
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Document D
sions
1. (Close reading) The woman on the right is supposed to be Irish. Describe what she looks like
and how she's acting. Based on this document, what were some stereotypes about Irish
women?
Some preconceived stereotypes about Irish women included the notion that they weren't small or ladylike, but rather mannish-appearing, awkward, and unorganised.
What is a stereotype?A stereotype is an unfounded assumption about a certain group of people that is used in social psychology. It is a belief that people may hold about each and every member of a specific group. There are many different kinds of expectations that can be made; they could include expectations about a group's personality, interests, appearance, or skill. Although making quick decisions based on such generalisations about groups of people may be beneficial, doing so when referring to specific individuals may be inaccurate and is one of the causes of prejudice. Explicit stereotypes are those that a person consciously recognises as their own and uses to make judgements about others.
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us history test the unemployment rate among african americans was answer choices nearly double the national rate. slightly higher than the national rate. about the same as the national rate. slightly lower than the national rate
The unemployment rate among African Americans was nearly double the national rate.
African Americans have historically been restricted from prospects for upward mobility in the U.S. labor market, remaining instead in low-paying jobs that lack the protections of labor laws, such as those pertaining to collective bargaining, overtime, and the minimum wage. Because of systemic racism's long history, African Americans and whites have different labor market outcomes.
The gap in employment should have closed by now if not lowered by advances in civil rights law, desegregation of the government, and gains in educational achievement. The unemployment rate for African Americans has actually remained at or over twice the rate for white people between January 1972 and December 2019, with the exception of the period after a recession.
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